Pengumuman Terkait NNBJ

Pengumuman terkait NNBJ 2026

NNBJ insya Allah akan melakukan beberapa hal.

1. Perkumpulan offline dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut.

- Diharapkan seminggu sekali dan minimal satu bulan sekali.

- Kegiatan adalah diskusi ataupun saling belajar tentang bahasa dan aksara Jawa maupun topik yang berkaitan seperti kebudayaan.

- Dresscode bebas, sopan, panjang

- idealnya memiliki tempat yang tetap.

2. Proyek aksara Jawa dengan rincian

- Untuk online membuat artikel ataupub menerjemahkan dengan ketentuan yang diberikan

- Membuat kumpulan gambar non copyright dengan keyword aksara Jaaa pada blog untuk memperbanyak sumber beraksara Jawa.

- Tulisan offline beraksara Jawa.

3. Sekolah berbahasa dan beraksara Jawa. Untuk detail akan diberikan dan didiskusikan.

3. Lingkungan berbahasa dan beraksara Jawa. 

Tujuan yang diharapkan:

1. Generasi muda memahami dan dapat meneruskan bahasa dan aksara Jawa sesuai dengan kebutuhan tiap waktu.

2. Terdapat lingkungan yang membantu dalam menggunakan bahasa dan aksara Jawa setiap waktu. Hal ini berkaitan dengan motivasi maupun insentif yang harus dijaga dan berkelanjutan.

Detail lebih lanjut menghubungi akun @NNBJawaofficial (insta) ataupun discord NNBJ.

Maturnuwun

Afiks Bahasa Jawa

Afiks (Wuwuhan) atau imbuhan adalah dasar bagi bahasa Jawa. Melalui interaksi antara afiks dan kata dasar (Lingga) maka kita akan mendapatkan kosakata bahasa Jawa.

Jenis-jenis kelas Afiks adalah sebagai berikut.

Pinêmbung Aran

Nominalizer (Penjadi Kata Benda):

-An

Pa- (pi, pra, pri-)

Pang-

Ping-

Pini-

Pa-an

Pra-an

Ka-an

Paka-

Pinêmbung Kriya

Verbalizer (Penjadi Kata Kerja):

Mawa lesan

Transitive (Berobjek):

Ang-

Ang-an

Ang-i

Ang-ake

Tanpa Lesan

Intransitive (Tidak Berobjek):

A/ma-

Um-

Ka- 

Tanggap

Passive (Pasif):

Ka

Ka-an

Ka-ake

In-

In-an

Di

Di-i

Di-ake

Dak

Kok

Pinaka

Pinêmbung Kahanan

Adjectivalizer (Penjadi Kata Sifat):

A/ma-

A/ma-an

A/ma-ên (cangkrangên)

Um-

In-

Ang-ên 

Kang-ên, kum-ên

Ka-ên 

Kuma

Kami

Kapi

Mak

Pating

Maka

Pinêmbung Katrangan

Adverbializer (Penjadi Kata Keterangan):

Kanthi + Kata sifat/kerja

Tiap afiks ini akan dibahas satu per satu.

Dokumen:

https://www.mediafire.com/file/t0sxzyud90tstf0/Afiks_Aran.doc/file

Javanese Modal Verbs

JAVANESE MODAL VERBS

Javanese has several modal verbs to express the modality of a sentence. Some modal verbs below express the grammatical aspect of a verb.

Overview

Will (future) = bakal

May (be allowed to) = oleh

Can (be able to) = bisa

Can (be allowed to) = oleh

Kêna = borderline between be allowed to and shall

Shall (obligation, need) = kudu

Shall (obligation, future) = bakale

Should (suggestion, ought to) = kudune

Must (have to) = kudu

Must (be supposed to) = kudune

Must be (conviction) = mêsthi

Dare (I dare + action) = wani

Dare (to dare someone) = anantang

Used to = kulina biyen

Used to be = biyene

Be used to (be accustomed to) = wis kulina

Be going to = arêp

Be about to (future) = ameh

(sometimes you add wis to emphasize the readiness)

Be about to (past, almost) = mau ameh

For comple grammatical tenses and aspects, please look at this article (link).

http://ngomongnulisbasajawa.blogspot.com/2021/03/kata-kerja-bantu-dan-aspek-dalam-bahasa.html

Explanations:

1. Oleh

The details are as follows:

1) It denotes the meaning of Be allowed to. Thus, it can be used to translate Can or May in this sense or nuance.

2) It is the most used modal verb to allow or disallow someone.

Example:

1) Kowe oleh amangan gêdhang

(You are allowed to/can/may eat bananas.)

2) Kowe oleh amangan panganan iki.

(You are allowed to/can/may eat this food.)

3) Kowe ora oleh angombe banyu iki.

(You are not allowed to/can not/may not drink this water.)

2. Bisa

1) It denotes the meaning of Be able to. Thus, you can use it to translate Can in this sense or muance.

Examples:

1) Kowe bisa amangan sêga.

(You are able to/can eat rice.)

2) Aku bisa anyambutgawe

(I am able to/can work.)

3) Aku ora bisa aturu.

(I am not able to/cannot sleep.)

3. Kêna

1) It denotes Borderline meaning between Be allowed to and Shall. 

2) It is the formal form of Oleh. It brings the sense of formality and officialness.

3) It brings the air of authority to the sentence.

Examples:

1) Kowe kêna amangan.

(You are allowed to/shall eat.)

2) Aku kêna amangan apa ora?

(Am I allowed/Shall I sleep or not?)

3) Kowe ora kêna angombe.

(You are not allowed to/shall not drink.)

4. Kudu

1) It denotes the meaning of Obligation and need (Have to, got to, need to). It can be used to translate Must or Shall in this sense or nuance.

Example:

1) Kowe kudu amangan gêdhang.

(You have to/must/shall eat bananas.)

2) Aku kudu alunga sesuk.

(I have to/must/shall go tomorrow.)

3) Kowe kudu angombe.

(You have to/must/shall drink.)

5. Bakale

1) It denotes the meaning of Obligation to be done soon or in the future. It can be used to translate Shall in this sense or nuance.

2) It has air of Obligation in comparison with Bakal that only denotes future.

3) It brings the air of prediction and prophecy.

Examples:

1) Kowe bakale aduwe anak lima.

(You shall have five children.)

2) Aku bakale alunga saka kene.

(I shall go from here.)

3) Kowe bakale alunga karo aku sesuk.

(You shall go with me tomorrow.)

6. Kudune I

1) It denotes the meaning of Suggestion. It can be used to translate Should or Ought to in this sense or context.

2) You can use the adverb Wae to emphasis the Suggestion (Should just). You can use this adverb to put different emphasis of nuance with the second one (Kudune II) below.

Examples:

1) Kowe kudune amangan.

(You should/ought to eat.)

2) Aku kudune aturu wae sesuk.

(I should just sleep tomorrow.)

3) Kowe kudune angombe yen angêlak

(You should drink if you are thirsty.)

7. Kudune II

1) It denotes the meaning of Be supposed to. It can be used to translate Must in this sense or nuance.

2) This meaning especially used with emphasis with adverb of Time (saiki, dhek wingi, etc.) and sometimes added with adverb of Place. Adverb of Time has immense role to differentiate between this particular meaning with the first one (Kudune I).

Examples:

1) Saiki, kudune dheweke wis ing omah.

(He should have been at home now.)

2) Sesuk, kudune aku wis anulis layang.

(Tomorrow, I should have wrote a letter.)

3) Kudune dheweke wis angombe banyu.

(She should have drunk some water.)

8. Mêsthi

1) It denotes the meaning of Conviction. It can be used to translate Must be in this sense of muance.

Examples:

1) Kowe mêsthi amangan sêga.

(You must be eating rice.)

2) Aku mêsthi wis awarêg yen gêlêm amangan.

(I must have been full if I were willing to eat.)

3) Dheweke mêsthi ing omah.

(He must be at home.)

9. Wani

1) It denotes the meaning of Fist person's bravery. It can be used to translate I dare to in this sense or nuance.

Examples:

1) Aku wani anyabrang kali.

(I dare cross the river.)

2) Kowe wani karo dheweke kabeh.

(You dare go against them.)

3) Dheweke ora wani mrono.

(She dare not go there.)

10. Anantang

1) It denotes the meaning of Challenging someone's bravery. It can be used to translate Dare someone to in this sense of nuance.

Examples:

1) Aku anantang wonge mau anyabrang kali.

(I dare that person before cross the river.)

2) Kowe anantang dheweke kabeh.

(You dare them.)

3) Dheweke anantang kañcane mrono.

(She dare her friend go there.)

ASPECTUAL MODAL VERBS

11. Kulina

1) It denotes the meaning of Past habit. It can be used to translate Used to in this sense or nuance.

2) It can be emphasized by using adverb Biyen (back then).

Examples:

1) Biyen, aku kulina amangan sêga.

(I used to eat rice back then.)

2) Biyen, kowe kulina umunggah gunung.

(You used to climb mountains.)

3) Biyen, dheweke sabên dina kulina amangan gêdhang.

(He used to eat banana everyday.)

12. Biyene

1) It denotes the meaning of the Condition in the past. It can be used to translate Used to be in this sense or nuance.

Examples:

1) Omah iku biyene omahing simbahku.

(That house used to be my grandparents' house.)

2) Biyene, kene iki udyana.

(It used to be park here.)

3) Dheke biyene juru gambar.

(She used to be a painter.)

13.  Wis kulina

1) It denotes the meaning of Self familiarity with a certain action (Be accustomed to) . It can be used to translate Be used to in this sense or nuance.

Examples:

1) Aku kulina amangan sêga.

(I am accustomed to eat rice.)

2) Kowe kulina aturu ing kursi.

(You are accustomed to sleep on a chair.)

3) Dheweke wis kulina anyambutgawe ing kono.

(He is accustomed to/already accustomed to work there.)

14. Bakal 

The details are as follows:

1) Its basic meaning is modal verb Will (future).

2) It denotes abstract future (less abstract than arêp = be going to). There is no guarantee or great effort to make it happen than Arêp from the speaker.

3) It denotes far future (further than ameh = be about to, and ameh = be going to).

Examples:

1) Omahe iki bakal dumadi omahmu.

(This house will be your house.)

2) Kowe bakal dumadi guru.

(You will become a teacher.)

3) Kowe bakal amangan roti.

(You will eat breads.)

15. Arêp

1) It denotes the meaning of Future especially the planned one. It can be used to translate Be going to in this sense or nuance.

Examples:

1) Aku arêp amangan sêga.

(I am going to eat rice.)

2) Kowe arêp alunga mênyang pasar.

(You are going to go to the market.)

3) Dheweke arêp atuku barang iki sesuk.

(She is going to buy this thing tomorrow.)

16. Ameh I

1) It denotes the meaning of Near future. It can be used to translate Be about to in this sense or nuance.

2) It especially denote the things that will have been done.

3) You can add Wis before it to emphasize the Finite aspect of the action (Will have been). 

4) You can add adverb Saiki to emphasize that it is Currently going to finish (be about to X now).

Examples:

1) Aku ameh amangan sêga.

(I am about to eat rice.)

2) Kowe ameh umunggah gunung bubar iki.

(You are about to climb the mountain after this.)

3) Wite saiki ameh awoh.

(The fruit is about to bear fruit now.)

4) Kêmbange wis ameh agogrog.

(The flowers are about to have fallen / about to fall.)

5) Cerete wis ameh umop.

(The kettle is almost boiling.) = I see it now.

17. Ameh II

1) It denotes the meaning of things Almost be done in the near past or broad past. It can be used to translate Be about to in this sense or nuance.

2) It can denote either simple Statement of fact or Regrets.

3) You can add adverb Dhek mau or just Mau before it or before the whole sentence to emphasize the near past meaning (Was about to X just now).

4) You can add past adverb like Dhek wingi (yesterday) or Dhek biyen (back then) before it or the whole sentence to empasize the broad past or distant past meaning (Was about to X yesterday)

5) You can add Wis to denotes the Finite action that would have been happen but it does not happen or fail to happen. This construction may add Regretful undertone to the sentence especially if coupled with Mau.

Examples:

1) Dhek mau, aku ameh amangan.

(I was about to eat.)

2) Dheweke mau ameh mênyang pasar.

(She was about to go to the market.)

3) Wonge mau wis ameh amênang.

(The person was about to win.) = regrets.

4) Cerete mau wis ameh umop.

(The kettle was almost boiling.) = I saw it just a minute ago.

5) Gêlase mau ameh anumplak.

(The glass was about to fall.) = but it does not happen.

6) Kêmbange dhek wingi ameh agogrog.

(The flowers were about to fall yesterday.) = they should be falling now or they turns out not falling.

Do and Don't! (Imperative Speech)

Javanese has more than one positive commands and one negative command.

Positive Command:

1. Baseword (Verb class)

2. Ang-A (All class)

3. -Ên (Verb class)

4. -Na (All Class)

5. -Ana (All Class)

Negative command:

1. Aja (All Class)

 

We will discuss Positive Commands first.

1. Baseword (Verb Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) It uses only Basewords of Verb Class (they already have Verb meaning).

2) It is the easiest and simplest but rudest command of all (you usually use it towards animals).

3) The Focus (sentence focus) of this command form is on the Verb or the activity intended.

4) This command form has no Subject or Object in a sentence.

5) You can add words like Iki or X ki (particle ki) as the Topic  for emphasis.

6) You can add adverb of Time after the Verb after a pause comma.

 Examples:

1) Lunga! / Lunga kana!

(Go! / Go away!)

2) Pangan! / Iki, pangan! / Heh kowe ki, pangan!

(Eat! / This, eat! / Hey you, eat!)

3) Tulis! / Tulis, gek ndang!

(Write! / Write, quick!)

2. Ang/A/Um-A (All Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) It uses the Ang- form (Active Transitive) or A-form (Active Intransitive) or Um- form (Active Stative) and -A command suffix (so every baseword is transformed into one of Active Verb forms).

2) It is one of the most used and basic command form in Javanese.

3) The Focus (sentence focus) of this command is on the Commanded Person.

4) This command has no Subject (see point number 3) and may be given any Objects in a sentence.

5) You can add the word Kowe ki to empasis the Commanded Person or call some attention. But, it may be considered ruder than without it.

Rules and Fomula:

1. Words with final A vowel + -A

2) Words with final U/O/Ê vowel + -Wa

3) Words with final I/E vowel + -Ya

4) Words with final consonants + -A

Examples:

1) Alungaa! / alungaa mênyang pasar!

(Go! / Go to the market!)

2) Anulisa! / Anulisa ing buku!

(Write! / Write on the book!)

3) Amangana! / Amangana kang acêpêt!

(Eat! / Eat fastly!)

4) Gumuyuwa! / Gumuyuwa, aja asêdhih!

(Laugh! / Laugh, don't be sad!)

3. -Ên (Verb Class, especially Transitive meaning)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command form focuses on the Object.

2) You can only use Verb Baseword Class in their transitive meaning.

3) This command does not have any Subjects.

4) You can use this command with only the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix. 

5) You can add any adverbs if needed.

6) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki.

7) Because the Focus is on the Object, you can translate the command form as "Do it!" instead of "Do!". It depends on your preferable style as long as you understand what the Focus is.

Example:

1) Panganên!/Sêgane panganên!

(Eat!/ This rice, eat it!)

2) Guwangên!/Guwangên ing kana!

(Throw away!/Throw it away there!)

3) Sapunên!/Jogane sapunên!

(Sweep!/This floor, sweep it!)

4. -Na (All Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command form focuses on the Non-Doer. Because, the Subject does the activity for Someone else's sake.

2) You use All Baseword class in this command form in their Baseword form. The meaning will be Transitive verb.

3) This command does not have any Subjects.

4) You can use this command with Object as is after the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne iki etc.

5) You can add any adverbs if needed.

6) You can add the Non-Doer for whom the Subject does the activity before the verb.

7) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by calling the name or title before the whole command. You can also add Kowe ki lho before the whole command.

8) You can translate this command form as "Do it for me!" or "Do it for X!". You can also translate it as "Do!" as long as you understand the Focus and Intention of this command form.

Rules:

1) Words with final vowels change their form as follows

* a > akna

* u, o > okna

* i, e > ekna

× ê > êkna

2) Usually, words with final -N change their form to -K as follows:

*Pakan + -Na > Pakak + -Na > Pakakna

Example:

1) Lungakna!/Kewane iki lungakna!

(Make it go away! / This animal, make it go away!)

2) Guwakna!/Guwakna uwuh iki!

(Throw it away! / Throw this garbage away!)

3) Tukokna!/Ibu tukokna lênga!

(Buy it!/Buy Mom some oil!)

4. -Ana (All Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command form focuses on the Object.

2) It has the nuance of the Plurality of the Objects or the Actions (repetitive).

3) You can also say that it is the Plural Focus version of the -Ên command form.

4) You can use All Baseword Class in their Transitive Verb meaning.

5) This command does not have any Subjects.

6) You can use this command with only the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix. 

7) You can add any adverbs if needed.

8) You can add adverb Kabeh after the verb to emphasize the Plurality of the Objects. Sometimes, you can add adverb Padha before the verb instead.

9) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki.

10) Because the Focus is on the Object, you can translate the command form as "Do it all!" instead of "Do!". It depends on your preferable style as long as you understand what the Focus is.

Rules:

1) Words with final vowels change their forms as follows:

* a > anana

* u, o > onana

* i, e > enana

* ê > ênana

Example:

1) Guwakana!/Uwuhe guwakana!

(Throw it all!/These garbage, throw them all!)

2) Isenana!/Gêndule isenana kabeh!

(Fill it!/These bottles, fill them all!)

3) Urugana!/Bolongane urugana!

(Backfill it all!/These holes, backfill them all!)

Negative Command

1. Aja (Conjugated Verbs)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command expresses negative command (Don't!).

2) You can add Aja before any Conjugated Verbs.

3) The Focus is usually on the Action for the Active verb and Stative verb, and on the Objects for the Passive Verb.

4) More or less, the details of each command depends on its Conjugated verb. While Aja only expresses simple negative command without any details on its own, unlike the Positive Command Affixes.

5) This command does not have any Subjects.

6) You can use this command with only the verb. You can add the Object especially after Active Transitive verbs. You can add Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix before the whole command if you use Passive verb or sometimes after the whole command.

7) You can add any adverbs if needed.

8) You can add adverb Kabeh after the verb to emphasize the Plurality of the Objects. Sometimes, you can add adverb Padha before the verb instead.

9) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki before the whole command.

Example:

1) Aja amangan! / Aja amangan akeh-akeh!

(Do not eat! / Do not eat too much!) active transitive verb

2) Aja agawe! / Aja agawe prakara!

(Do not make! / Do not make any problem!) intransitive affix with transitive meaning

3) Aja gumuyu! / Aja gumuyu bantêr-bantêr!

(Do not laugh! / Do not laugh loudly!) stative verb

4) Aja angguyu! / Aja angguyu Pak guru!

(Do not laugh at it! / Do not laugh at the teacher!) active transitive verb

5) Aja diguyu! / Wonge aja diguyu!

(Do not laugh it! / That person, do not laugh at him!) passive verb / object focus

6) Aja aturu! / Aja aturu ing kene!

(Do not sleep! / Do not sleep here!) intransitive verb

7) Aja atura-turu! / Aja atura-turu ing kene!

(Do not just sleep around! / Do not just sleep around, here!) instransitive verb, repetitive action

Javanese Base-Word Conjugation Outline

Javanese has a system where everything is formed from a baseword and the derivative words are the ones used in the sentences. And sometimes, the first derivative word can be a second baseword itself and forms many second derivative words, and so on. This is why, understanding both the outline and the detail of this system is the key of understanding how Javanese works and how to use it productively. Every baseword class can form all derivative word classes. But, keep in mind that different baseword classes behave differently on the affix used. Hence, in the detailed explanation in the different blog article, we will see how to use correct affixes to produce derivative words we need from the baseword we have.

Now, we will see an example of the conjugation of a sample baseword into its derivatives.

Baseword: 

Jupuk (transitive verb class)

Derivatives:

Commands (Imperatives):

Jupuk

Añjupuka

Jupukên

Jupukana

Jupukna

Irrealis:

Añjupuka

Dwiowah:

Jujupuk

Jupuk-jupuk

Active verbs:

Añjupuk

Añjupuki

Añjupukake

Passive I verbs (actor):

Dijupuk

Dijupuki

Dijupukake

Passive II verbs (unknown actor):

Kajupuk

Kajupukan

Kajupukake

Adjectives:

Ajupuk

Ajupukan

Jupukjati

Tanjupuk

Añjupukên

Kañjupukên

Kamijupukên

Kumajupuk

Kapijupuk

Adverbs:

Kanthi + Adjectives

Nouns:

Jupukan

Pajupuk

Pijupuk

Pañjupuk

Piñjupuk

Pajupukan

Pinijupuk

Old constructions:

Jumupuk

Jinupuk

Jinujupukan

Jupuk-jinupuk

Pakajupuk

Makajupuk

Pinakajupuk

Others:

Orajupuk (angorajupuk, etc.)

Balijupuk (ambalijupuk, etc.)

Orabalijupuk (angorabalijupuk, etc.)

Bisajupuk (angbisajupuk, etc.)

Orabisajupuk (angorabisajupuk, etc.)

Note:

1) Some affixes like pra- is not displayed because it usually creates a whole new baseword with different meaning. Unless, for Pra + numbers.

2) Affixes like pra-an is limited in use. Thus, it can not be used in just every baseword.

3) Javanese has 3 grammatical Moods: Imperative, Irrealis, and Indicative. Irrealis can be used for subjunctive, etc.

4) Dwiowah words are always second basewords. So, they will have their own (second) derivatives as well.

5) Old Constructions are derivatives using old or archaic affixes. They are still in use from time to time.

This way, we can see through mapping how many derivatives can be formed by a baseword both generally and for each specific class. And, we can understand how important baseword-affix system in Javanese is, and what we need to form derivatives we would like to use each time through this system.

Javanese Question Sentence (Interrogative)

Today, we will learn about Javanese interrogative sentence.

Types of Interrogative Sentences:

1) Detailed-answer question

2) Yes-no Question

3) Question-Tag

4) Choice Question

5) 7W+1H Question

1) Detailed-Answer Question

This question sentence will let the other person to answer in details or give some reasons.

General Formula:

Subject + apa + Verb / The Rest

Examples:

a. Kowe apa wis amangan?

(Have you eaten, or what?)

b. Kowe apa abubar saka pawiyatan?

(Have you just been from the school, or what?)

c. Kowe apa ameh aturu?

(Are you about to sleep, or what?)

2. Yes-No Question Sentence

This question sentence will let the other person to answer the question with a yes or no (to affirm the statement as true or not).

General Formula:

Subject + Verb / The Rest + apa ora?

Note:

The negation of Wis is Durung. The negation of Yaiku/Iku is Dudu.

Examples:

a. Kowe wis amangan, apa durung?

(Have you eaten or not?)

b. Kowe abubar saka pawiyatan, apa ora?

(Have you just been from the school or not?)

c. Kowe ameh aturu, apa ora?

(Are you about to sleep or not?)

3) Question-Tag

This question sentence will let the other person to confirm our suspicion, guess, or conviction with a yes or no (to affirm the statement as true or not).

General Formula:

Subject + apa ora + Verb / The Rest + (ta)

Note:

You can add Ta in your sentence final to give a strong or empathetic tone. It is like an emphasis to your whole question.

Examples:

a. Kowe apa ora wis amangan?

(You have eaten, haven't you / right?)

b. Kowe apa ora abubar saka pawiyatan?

(You have just been from the school, haven't you / right?)

c. Kowe apa ora ameh aturu?

(You are about to sleep, aren't you / right?)

4) Choice Question

This question sentence will let the other person to answer based on the options there.

General Formula:

Subject + Verb / The Rest + apa + Verb / The Rest.

Examples:

a. Kowe wis amangan apa angombe?

(Have you eaten or drunk?)

b. Kowe abubar saka pawiyatan apa pajêmbaran?

(Have you just been from the school or tue field?)

c. Kowe ameh aturu apa amaca?

(Are you about to sleep or to read?)

5) 7W+1H Question

This question sentence uses question words.

The Choices are:

a. Apa = What/which

b. Sapa = Who/whom 

c. Kapan = When

d. Ing êndi = Where

e. Kênangapa = Why

f. Duweking sapa = Whose

g. Kapriye = How, what do you do

h. Dening sapa = By whom

i. Dening apa = By which

j. Kanthi sapa = By (using) whom

k. Kanthi apa = By (using) which

l. Lumantar sapa = Through whom

m. Lumantar apa = Through which

n. Marang sapa = To whom

o. Marang apa = To which

q. Mênyang sapa To(wards) whom

r. Mênyang apa = To(wards) which

s. Pira = how much, how many

etc. (all prepositioned question words)

General Formula:

Question word + The Rest

Examples:

a. Apa iki?

(What is this?

b. Apa warnaning omah iku?

(What is the color of that house?)

c. Barang apa iki?

(What thing/kind of thing is this?)

d. Sapa iki?

(Who is this?)

e. Sapa wong iku?

(Who is that person?)

f. Sapa jênêngmu?

(What is your name?)

g. Kapan iki?

(When is it?)

h. Kapan omahe bakal arampung?

(When will the house be done?)

i. Ing êndi iki?

(Where is it?)

j. Ing êndi aku?

(Where am I?)

k. Ing êndi omahmu?

(Where is your house?)

l. Kênangapa kok kaya mangkene?

(Why is it like this?)

m. Kênangapa kok kudu ditulis?

(Why does it have to be written?)

n. Kênangapa kowe?

(What happens to you?)

o. Duweking sapa iki?

(Whose is this?)

p. Duweking sapa omah iki?

(Whose house is this?)

q. Kapriye anggone anulis?

(How do you/What do you do to write?)

r. Kapriye?

(How is it?)

s. Kapriye kahananing omahmu?

(How is the condition of your house?)

t. Pira omahmu?

(How many are your houses?)

u. Pira rêganing omahmu?

(How much is your house / does your house cost?)

v. Dening sapa pralayang iki?

(By whom is this book written?)

End note:

1) Sometimes, word orders can be changed in casual or daily settings. It depends on what you want to emphasize.

2) People may find themselves use casual construction that chops some grammatical words around. In this case, the Standard construction vs the Casual construction may differ in components.

3) Every question sentence can be added with Ta at the final to put emphasis or empathetic tone toward your whole question. But, Ta has to be located right after the question word in a 7W+1H question.

Tembung Panggathuk Conjunction Konjungsi

💖 Tembung Panggathuk  adalah  kata hubung (konjungsi)  dengan fungsi  menghubungkan dua kalimat , dua frasa , ataupun kalimat-frasa.  

💖 Tembung Panggathuk dapat dibagi menjadi 3 kelas  yaitu:

Padhajêjêr = Coordinating = koordinasi (sejajar)

Asorjêjêr = Subordinating = subordinasi (tidak sejajar)

Gathukjêjêr = Correlative = korelatif (berhubungan)

💖 Berikut ini adalah beberapa daftar Tembung Panggathuk (tidak lengkap, non exhaustive list) :

1) Amarga = because = karena

2) Saemper = as = sebagai 

(Minangka)

3) Apadene = as well as = dan juga

4) Nalika = at, on, when (time) = saat, ketika

5) Amrih = For, to (goals) = untuk, agar (tujuan)

(Supaya )

6) Tinimbang = than, rather than = daripada (perbandingan)

7) Aluwung = better, better to = lebih baik

8) Dening = by (person) = oleh

9) Kanthi = by (manner) = dengan (cara)

10) Anganggo = by (tools) = dengan (alat)

11) Lan = and = dan

12) Utawa = or  = atau

13) Antaraning A utawa B = either A or B = antara A atau B

14) Saka = from = dari

15) Anganti = to (range) = hingga, sampai (rentang)

16) Tekan = untill = hingga, sampai (titik selesai)

17) Bab = about = mengenai

18) Miturut = according to = menurut

19) Sambi = while (progressive) = saat, sambil 

20) Dene = while = sedangkan

21) Lumantar = through = melalui 

(Liwat)

22) Banjur = and then = lalu

23) Malah = instead, = malah

24) Apamaneh = moreover = terlebih lagi 

25) Akibate = consequently = akibatnya 

26) Dudu A utawa B = neither A nor B = bukan A atau B (tidak A atau B)

(Ora A utawa B)

27) Anggere = as long as = asalkan

28) Yen = if = jika

29) Namung yen = only if = hanya jika 

30) Sandayan = even though = walaupun

31) Arepa = even if = walapun (pengandaian)

32) Tembene = in the end = pada akhirnya

33) Wiwitane = in the beginning = pada mulanya 

34) Ewa mangkono = even so = walaupun begitu

(Ewa samana)

35) Upama = let's say = seumpama

36) Kareben = so that = agar

37) Sawise = after that = setelah itu 

38) Sadurunge = before that = sebelum itu

39) Dhek mau = before = tadi

40) Bareng = now that = (karena) sekarang

42) Kajaba = except = kecuali

43) Kalebu = including = termasuk 

44) Namung = only = hanya 

45) Bok manawa = just maybe = mungkin, semisal (menerka, memberi pilihan)

46) Manawa = just if = kalau semisal (memberi pilihan)

47) Bilih = that = bahwa 

48) Yaiku = is (definition) = yaitu

49) Kayata = such as = seperti 

50) Ananging = but = namun, tetapi

51) Ora namung A ananging uga B = not only A but also B = tidak hanya A tetapi juga B 

(Dudu namung A ananging uga B)                                       (bukan hanya A melainkan juga)

52) Apa = or (question word) = atau, apa (pilihan)

🌟GLADHI🌟  (Latihan, Exercise)

*Fill the blanks  with appropriate answers

*Isilah titik-titik yang ada dengan jawaban yang sesuai.

1) Aku ... adhiku arep alunga menyang pasar.

EN: I (and) my younger sibling are going to go to the market.

ID: Saya (dan) adik saya hendak pergi ke pasar.

2) Kowe bisa umulih saiki ... telepunen wong tuwamu dhisik yen ameh anginep.

EN: You can go home now (or) call your parents first if you are about to sleep over.

ID:  Kamu dapat  pulang sekarang (atau) menelepon orang tuamu  terlebih dahulu jika kamu hendak menginap.

3) Kowe bisa lumebu ... kowe aduwe undhangan.

EN: You can enter (only if) you have an invitation.

ID: Kamu dapat masuk (hanya jika) kamu memiliki undhangan.

4) Ketoke dheweke aseneng amangan ... jeruk ... apel.

EN: It looks like he/she likes eating (either) orange (or) apple.

ID: Kelihatannya, dia suka memakan  (antara) jeruk (atau) apel.

5) ... kowe ora aduwe panganan, kowe bakal angapa?

EN: (Let's say), you don't have any food, what will you do?

ID:  Katakanlah,  kamu tidak memiliki makanan, apa yang akan kamu lakukan?

6) Dheweke asinau ... angrungokake radhiyo.

EN: He/she is studying (while) listening to radio.

ID: Dia belajar (sambil) mendengarkan radio.

7) ... buku iki, tanduran kudu disiram saben esuk lan sore.

EN: (According to) this book, this plant needs to be watered every morning and late-afternoon.

ID: (Menurut) buku ini, tanaman harus disirami setiap pagi dan sore.

8) ... kucinge alunga umunggah menyang payon.

EN: (After that), the cat goes away going up to the roof.

ID:  (Setelah itu), kucing itu pergi naik ke  atas atap.

9) Ibu aseneng kembang (kayata) mlathi, mawar, lan kenanga.

EN: Mom likes flower (such as) jasmine, rose, and cananga.

ID: Ibu menyukai bunga (seperti) melati, mawar, dan kenanga.

10) ... wong telu iku, kabeh dijaluk tulung ... adus dhisik.

EN: (Excepting) those three, everyone is asked (to) take a bath first.

ID: (Selain) tiga orang itu, semuanya diminta (supaya) mandi terlebih dahulu.

Materi Grup 04

 🌟Materi Grup 04🌟

Imbuhan sangat berpengaruh dalam bahasa Jawa.  Penggunaan imbuhan akan merubah makna dari suatu tembung Lingga (kata dasar) menjadi tembung andhahan (kata turunan) dengan makna baru.

Asmara = romance, romansa

Asmarajati = romantic, romantis

Kasmarajaten = romanticity, keromantisan

Angasmarajatekake = romanticize, meromantisasi

Pingasmarajati = romanticization, romantisasi

Asmarajatitantra = romanticism, romantisme

Materi Grup 03

 🌟Materi Grup 3🌟

Jati (= sifat) adalah salah satu imbuhan bahasa Jawa yang merubah tembung aran (kata benda) menjadi tembung kahanan (kata sifat). Terutama digunakan untuk kosakata Jawa-Sansekerta.

Asmara = asmara, romansa

Asmarajati = romantis

Patistiti = alam

Paristitijati = alami

Untuk tembung aran citarupa (kata benda abstrak) maka ditambahkan imbuhan ka-an.

Asmarajati = romantis

Kasmarajaten = keromantisan

Paristitijati = alami

Kaparistitijaten = kealamian

Materi Grup 02

 🌟Materi Grup 02🌟

Secara umum Imbuhan Aran ialah:

1. -an

2. pa- (pi-, pra-, pri-)

3. pang-

4. ping-

5. pini-

6. pa-an

7. pra-an

8. ka-an

Penggunaannya sebagai Imbuhan  Aran bergantung pada kelas tembung Lingga asalnya.

Misal:

ka-an hanya bisa berfungsi sebagai Imbuhan aran dengan Lingga aran dan Lingga kahanan.

Materi Grup 01

 Materi Grup NNBJ 01

🌟Tembung Lingga🌟

1. Untuk basa Jawa ada yang dinamakan tembung Lingga (kata dasar). 

2. Tembung Lingga tersebut dibagi menjadi 4 jenis yaitu Lingga Aran (benda), Lingga Kriya (kerja), Lingga Kahanan (sifat), Lingga Katrangan (keterangan).

3. Pembagian tembung Lingga di atas berdasarkan pada makna utama dari tembung Lingga tersebut ke dalam kelas tembung Lingga apa.

4. Penggunaan Afiks (imbuhan) dalam bahasa Jawa adalah suatu agen yang merubah makna suatu tembung Lingga ke dalam makna tembung Andhahan (turunan).

5. Tembung Andhahan ini dapat memiliki kelas tembung yang berbeda dari kelas tembung Lingga asalnya.

6. Contoh:

a. Tuku (Lingga Kriya) = beli

b. Atuku (Kriya tanggap dan tanduk) = membeli

c. Panuku (aran) = 1) pembeli 2) alat untuk membeli

d. Pinuku (aran abstrak) = pembelian

e. Patukon (aran panggon) = tempat untuk membeli

f. Tukon (aran objek) = barang belian

g. Atukon (kahanan) = belian

dst.

7. Pemahaman Tembung Lingga dan Afiks ini adalah tulang punggung sistem bahasa Jawa yang merupakan bahasa agglutinative (berimbuhan). Sehingga, hal ini adalah ilmu dasar dalam bahasa Jawa.

Têtêmbungan: Tulisan

 Ing sangisor iki  pratel'an têtêmbungan kang aduwe gagathukan karo tulisan.

Têtêmbungan: Langit

 Ing sangisor iki yaiku pratelan têtêmbung'an kang aduwe gagathuk'an karo  langit.

Langit ==

Awang-awang==

Antariksa==

(Awangjaba)

Mega

Srêngenge

Wulan

(Rêmbulan)

Lintang

Teja

Kuwung

Bangbangwetan

Esuk

Awan

Sore

Surup

Wêngi

(Bêngi)

Udan

Grimis

Tlêtik

Udan kêthek

Panas

Padhang

Pêtêng

Umêndhung

Udan'angin

Lesus

Watu antariksa = asteroid

Watu langit = meteorite 

Meteoroid = smaller than asteroid

Udan plêtik = meteor shower

Plêtiklangit = meteor (burnt)

Lintang kumukus = comet

Mangsa

Usum

Rêndhêng

Katiga

Sêmi

Panas

Gogrog

Ima

Hawalangit

Hawagêdhe

Hawacilik

Hawapapan

Hawaudêr

Goldhilogs lan Bruwang Têlu

 Goldhilogs lan Bruwang Têlu

Ing jaman biyen, ing sawijining omah cilik ing têngah pinggir'an alas, bocah wadon karan'an Goldhilogs urip karo wong tuwane. Ing sawijining esuk, dhewek'e tangi nalikane srengenge sumorot liwat cêndhelane; amikir yen iki wis wayah'ing umangkat wiyata, dhewek'e lumumpat saka paturon.

Ing jogan ngisor, ibuk'e lagi ariwuh.

''Iki kesuk'ên kanggo wiyata. Aja angrusuh'i awakku. Kêna ngapa kowe ora alunga lumaku-mlaku? Kowe bisa añjupuk sagunggung woh bes irêng kanggo anggawe kuwih pay kanggo pangan wêngi mêngko," grundêl'ing ibuk'e.

Goldhilogs alunga lumumpat-lumumpat mênyang alas anggondhal-nggandhul'ake krêñjang'e kanggo woh bes irêng. Arêngêng-rêngêng, dhewek'e alunga samsaya jêro mênyang alas.

*

Sauntara wêktu, dhewek'e awiwit krasa aluwe lan rada kesel. Sasabrang'ing papan kang bukak'an ing têngah alas, dhewek'e bañjur anyawang gubug.

"Sok'e, aku bisa entuk barang kanggo dipangan ing kana lan bisa aleren," pikir'e.

Dhewek'e andhodhog'i lawang ananging ora ana saur'an. Alon-alon, dhewek'e anyurung lawang lan dumadi kaget'e lawang iku ambukak. Kanthi angati-ati, dhewek'e lumêbu.

"Wilujêng?" cêluk'e, ananging ora ana kang sumaur.

Lawang'e ambutul mênyang pawon.  Ana ing sadhuwur'ing meja dhewek'e bisa anyawang têlung mangkok jênang polos'an kang ambune enak saengga agawe wêtênge akrucuk'an. Mangkok-mangkok mau ana ing têlung ukur'an: gêdhe, sêdhêng'an, lan cilik. Lan ing sabên mangkok ana kursi kang uga gêdhe, sêdhêng'an, lan cilik.

Goldhilogs amarani kursi kang gêdhe dhewe amarga aduwe mangkok jênang polos'an kang gêdhe dhewe. Dhewek'e añjupuk sendhok gêdhe lan angiñcipi jênang polos'an'e.

"Adhuh!'' tangis'e. "Jênang polosan iki kapanas'ên.''

Dhewek'e apindhah mênyang kursi jejer'e lan mangkok jejer'e. Añjupuk sendhok kang sêdhêng'an dhewek'e angiñcip'i jênang polos'an'e.

"Yek!" unine, amarga anyêp bangêt.

Goldhilogs apindhah mênyang kursi jejer'e lan mangkok kang paling cilik. Añjupuk sendhok kang cilik dhewe, dhewek'e angiñcip'i jenang polos'an'e. Rasane pas. Dadi,kanthi cêpêt, dhewek'e amangan nganti êntek. 

Nalika dhewek'e wis rampung, dhewek'e banjur krungu swara kang anggumun'ake lan nalika dhewek'e amangan dulang'an kapungkas, sikil'an'ing kursi kang dilungguh'i dhewek'e ambrol lan dhewek'e anggêblag gêdabuk'an ing sadhuwuring jogan.

*

*

Sabubar'e sakabeh jênang polos'an lan gêdabuk'an mau, dhewek'e ngêrti-ngêrti krasa angantuk. Dadi, dhewek'e umunggah undhak-undhak'an kang umenggak-menggok kanggo anggolek'i yen dhewek'e bisa anêmu panggon turu.

Ing kapisan, dhewek'e anêmu paturon kang gêdhe. Dhewek'e umunggah ing sadhuwur'e ananging bangêt anggone krasa kangel'an.

Bañjur, dhewek'e anêmu paturon asêdhêng'an. Dhewek'e umunggah ing sadhuwur'e ananging kêmpuk'ên, dhewek'e krasa kaya ameh kalêlêp.

Bañjur, dhewek'e anêmu paturon kang cilik bangêt. Rasane pas dadi dhewek'e umunggah ing sadhuwur'e, anyilak'ake sêpreine mênyang awake lan banjur tumandang aturu anglêr.

*

Dene awak'e lagi aturu, para juru gubug 'e umulih. Dhewek'e kabeh yaiku bruwang têlu: Bapak Bruwang, Ibu Bruwang, lan Anak Bruwang. Dhewek'e kabeh bubar lumaku-lumaku ing alas sadurung'e asarapan lan saiki padha aluwe.

"Wilujêng, apa iki?" baung'ing Bapak Bruwang ing swarane kang gêdhe. "Kaya-kayane ana wong kang wis angrusuh'i jênang polos'anku lan sapa wong'e wis aninggal tapak'e kang agupak blêthok ing kursiku."

Ibu Bruwang atêka anyawang.

"Awakmu abênêr, pak," unine kanthi swara baung kang rada alus. "Ana wong kang wis amangan jênang polos'anku uga lan aku krasa tumênan bantalan'ing kursiku wis dilungguh'i.''

Anak Bruwang banlñjur anangis.

"Ana wong kang wis amangan jelênang polos'anku lan wis angêntek'ake kabeh lan wis angrusak kursiku sisan!" tangis'e ing baung'e kang cilik lan umêngkik-mêngkik.

"Sapa sing wis agawe barang iki? Lan êndi wong'e saiki?" gumun'e kabeh.

Dhewek'e kabeh anggolek'i ing sajêroning omah lan umunggah mênyang dhuwur.

"Lha," baung'e Bapak Bruwang, "ana wong kang wis klekar'an ana ing sadhuwuring paturonku ananging wis ora ana."

"Ana wong kang wis ing sadhuwuring paturonku uga," ujar'e Ibu Bruwang, "ananging aku ora anyawang wong'e."

Bañjur, dhewek'e padha krungu swara êngkik'an saka Anak Bruwang.

"Bapak! Ibuk! Rawuh mariki acêpêt, wontên tiyang kang atilêm anglêr ing sanginggil'ing patilêm'an kula!"

Bapak lan Ibu Bruwang acêpêt-cêpêt'an mênyang sênthong'e lan angadêg ing sakiwatêngên'ing paturon anyawang Goldhilogs. Dhewek'e banjur atangi kanthi akaget lan awêdi anyawang bruwang têlu anyawang'i dhewek'e.

Sadurung'e padha bisa angomong apa-apa, dhewek'e lumumpat saka paturon, mênyang cêndhela lan lumayu alunga liwat alas abali mênyang omah'e amarga dhewek'e ora umudhêng yen awak'e kabeh iku bruwang kang alus lan akakañcan tumênan.

"Lha aku ora tau," baung'ing Bapak Bruwang, akukur-kukur sirah'e. ''Simbah kakungku angandika yen manungsa iku anggumun'ake. Agilak-gilak, amangan'i jênang polosan iku kabeh lan banjur lumayu alunga.''

Kabingung'an, bruwang têlu mau abali menyang pawon ing ngêndi Bapak Bruwang ambênak'ake kursining Anak Bruwang, dene Ibu Bruwang amangsak luwih akeh jênang polos'an. Lan awiwit dina iku anganti saiki, para bruwang ing saindhêng'ing donya wis tansah umudhêng yen manungsa iku barang urip kang anggumun'ake kang ora bisa dipracayak'ake jênang polos'an.

-Arampung-

Aksara Rekan Laras (Nada)

 Ing pitulis iki,  Aksara Rekan kanggo  basalarasing saperangan basa katulis lan kajlentrehake.

1.  LATAR BELAKANG

Aksara Rekan telah lama digunakan dalam bahasa Jawa . Hal ini dapat kita lihat pada penggunaan aksara Rekan untuk mengalihaksarakan (transliterasi) perkataan-perkataan bahasa Arab. Selain itu, penggunaannya juga meluas hingga kepada penggunaan aksara Rekan dalam sastra-sastra Jawa Cina yang ditulis oleh para orang-orang keturunan Cina di Jawa ataupun pada aksara Rekan untuk bahasa Belanda yang merupakan salah satu bahasa penting pada zaman kolonial. Dengan begitu, kita melihat bahwa orang Jawa sadar akan perbedaan suara dan ucapan dari bahasa-bahasa lain dan berusaha memberikan simbol suara yang berbeda dan tidak ambigu melalui aksara Rekan guna memenuhi kebutuhan pembedaan dan penerangan kosakata tersebut sesuai dengan suaranya dalam keperluan-keperluan tertentu untuk komunikasi.

2. CHAO TONE NUMBERS

Chao Tone Numbers atau penomoran Chao (Jawa: Angka Laras Caw) adalah suatu sistem penomoran dari angka 1-5 yang berguna untuk menjelaskan dan menuliskan kontur nada dalam suatu bahasa. Penggunaa nomor Chao ini kurang lebih setara dengan penggunan tone letters atau  aksara nada berupa bar atau garis batang yang digunakan oleh IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet).  Penggunaan Chao Numbers ini relatif praktis dan deskriptif sehingga menjelaskan tingkat permulaan dan akhir nada-nada dari suatu kata. Sehingga, dapat menuntun pembaca dalam menggunakan nada secara lebih universal dan tidak ambigu untuk penggunaan antarbahasa.

3. SANDHANGAN LARAS

Sandhangan Laras atau Aksara Rekan Laras adalah suatu sandhangan Aksara Jawa yang berfungsi sebagai penanda nada bahasa (Jawa: basalaras). Sandhangan Laras ini berfungsi seperti Chao Tone Numbers dengan tingkatan 1-5 untuk menerangkan dan menjelaskan permulaan dan akhir nada dari suatu kata atau sukukata. Penggynaannya adalah dengan menggunakan tirta tumetes sebagai penyangga sandhangan-sandhangan swara yang berfungsi menjadi suatu representasi nomor nada. Nada dimulai dari nada yang terendah atau nomor 1 hingga nada tertinggi atau nomor 5.

Tirta tumetes

+ layar ꧞ꦂ = 1

+ pêpêt   ꧞ꦼ = 2

+ wulu ꧞ꦶ = 3

+ wulu dawa ꧞ꦷ = 4

+ tarung ꧞ꦴ = 5

4. IMPLEMENTASI

Implementasi Sandhangan Laras adalah dengan cara mengetahui kontur nada suatu sukukata. Cara mengetahui hal ini adalah dengan langkah-langkah:

1) Pahami apa saja nada dalam bahasa tersebut.

2) Pahami kontur nada dari tiap-tiap nada tadi. Informasi ini bisa diketahui melalui Jurnal Penelitian gratis di internet, Kamus daring ataupun luring, situs-situs pembelajaran bahasa tersebut, ataupun Wikipedia. Anda juga dapat bertanya kepada ahli bahasa atau dosen ahli.

3) Terjemahkan nada sukukata yang Anda temui ke dalam kontur nada atau Chao Tone Numbers. Apabila anda menemui versi tone marks berupa bar atau garis batang maka dapat juga  diterjemahkan ke dalam Chao Tone Numbers untuk mempermudah sesuai letak garisnya.

4) Terjemahkan Chao Tone Numbers tadi (nomor 1-5, yang Anda temui) ke dalam Sandhangan Laras basa. Apabila sudah Anda gunakan atau aplikasikan, maka langkah Anda sudah selesai untuk satu kosakata tersebut. Selamat!

Untuk Langkah  cepatnya, Anda dapat mengecek kamus luring atau daring seperti Wiktionary untuk kosakata yang Anda mau. Tinggal Anda salin (copas) ke dalam kotak pencarian dan temukan entri katanya. Tandan nada umumnya sudah berupa bar tone marks yang mudah untuk diterjemahkan ke dalam Chao dan ke Sandhangan Laras.

Contoh:

Nada Thai adalah Mid, Low,  Falling, High, Rising.(Tengah, Rendah, Turun, Tinggi, Naik)

 Terkadang ditulis dalam aksen vokal seperti di bawah ini:

Mid  mai

Low mài

Falling  mâi

High mái

Rising  măi

Lalu kita terjemahkan ke dalam Chao Tone Numbers dan Sandhangan Laras:

Chao Tones Thai

M 3 > wulu

L 21 > pêpêt layar

F 51 > tarung layar

H 45 > wulu-dawa tarung

R 114 > layar layar wulu-dawa

Sekarang, Anda sudah memiliki rumus terjemahannya. Apabilai Anda tau apabila mai bernada High (tinggi) atau ditulis mái maka Anda akan menggunakan Chang Tone Numbers  45 dan Sandhangan Laras wulu-dawa  tarung. 

Mudah dan teratur, bukan?

Data untuk sistem nada tiap bahasa akan diperbaharui (update) di sini waktu demi waktu. Sehingga apabila bahasa yang Anda cari terdapat di sini, maka Anda akan dengan mudah menemukan dna menggunakan rumusnya. Untuk nada yang dituliskan secara umum merupakan nada asli dari sukukata tersebut. Untuk nada ubahan / tone sandhi, secara umum tidak dituliskan dan belum ada ulasan (review) khusus  untuk sekarang. 

Maturnuwun - Terimakasih - Thank You

DAFTAR PUSTAKA (REFERENSI)

1.  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_letter

2.  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language

(Bagian: Phonology, Tones)

3. Thai2English (Tone marks / symbols)

Kata Kerja Bantu dan Aspek dalam bahasa Jawa

Têmbung Panulung lan Pisawang Wêktu

(Kata Kerja Bantu dan Aspek)

(Javanese Modal Verbs and Aspects)

Note: Aksara 'A' pada têmbung kriya seperti anumplak, alunga, dll dapat diabaikan pada percakapan (bahasa non-tulis).

Note: for full English version, click the link on the bottom of article.

Pertama, bahasa Jawa tidak memiliki apa yang biasa kita sebut dengan tenses bahasa (grammatical tenses). Tetapi, bahasa Jawa memiliki apa yang kita sebut sebagai Aspek. Singkatnya, Aspek membedakan secara mendasar apakah suatu kata kerja SUDAH/BELUM terjadi. Untuk memudahkan, penggunaan keterangan berupa tenses tetap diberikan untuk memudahkan pemahaman kita akan peletakan kata kerja dalam konteks waktu.

1) Wayah Saiki 🌇

(Waktu sekarang/Present Time)

a. Tanpa Têmbung Panulung (simple present)💝

Saat kita akan berkata mengenai kegiatan sehari-hari atau memberikan suatu pernyataan biasa, kita dapat menggunakan kata kerja TANPA têmbung panulung.

-) Aku amangan sêga.

ID: Saya memakan nasi.

EN: I eat food

-) Aku atuku roti sabên dina.

ID: Saya membeli roti setiap hari.

EN: I buy bread every day.

b.Lagi (present continuous) 💝

Saat kita akan berkata mengenai sesuatu yang sedang dilakukan atau dalam proses pengerjaan, kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Lagi.

Bentuk: Lagi + têmbung kriya

-) Aku lagi angumbah klambi.

ID: Saya sedang mencuci baju.

EN: I’m washing the clothes.

-) Lagi angapa kowe?

ID: Sedang apa kamu?

EN: What are you doing?

 

2) Wayah Biyen 🌄

(Masa Lalu/Past)

a. Tanpa têmbung panulung (simple past) 💝

Karena dalam bahasa Jawa menggunakan Aspek maka kita dapat menyatakan sesuatu yang sudah terjadi di masa lalu TANPA menggunakan têmbung panulung. Namun, kita dapat menggunakan kata keterangan untuk membuat waktu yang dimaksud lebih spesifik (jelas).

-) Simbahku angisahi gêlas.

ID: Kakek/Nenekku mencuci gelas.

EN: My grandparent washed the glasses.

-) Simbahku angisahi gêlas mau wêngi.

ID: Kakek/Nenekku mencuci gelas tadi malam. (lebih spesifik)

EN: My grandparent washed the glasses last night. (it’s more specific)

b.Wis (general past, present perfect) 💝

Saat kita akan berkata mengenai sesuatu yang telah terjadi atau sudah dilakukan, kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Wis.

Bentuk: Wis + têmbung kriya

-) Aku wis alunga mênyang pasar.

ID: Saya sudah pergi ke pasar.

EN: I have gone to the market.

-) Pitike wis dipakani.

ID: Ayam(-nya/itu) sudah diberi pakan.

EN: The chicken has been fed.

Untuk membuat makna 'past perfect', kita dapat menggunakan kata keterangan untuk menjadikannya lebih spesifik (jelas).

-) Aku wis alunga mênyang pasar Sênen wingi.

ID: Saya sudah pergi ke pasar Senin lalu.

EN: I had gone to the market last Monday.

-) Dhek mau wêngi nalika aku wis angombe teh, adhiku anangis.

ID: Tadi malam saat saya meminum teh, adik saya menangis.

EN: Last night when I had drunk the tea, my younger sibling cried.

c.Bubar (immediate past) 💝

Saat kita ingin berkata mengenai sesuatu yang baru saja terjadi, kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Bubar.

Bentuk: Bubar + têmbung kriya

-) Aku bubar amangan.

ID: Saya baru saja makan. (saya habis makan)

EN: I have eaten just now. (I just finished eating)

-) Aku lagi wae bubar alunga mênyang pasar.

ID: Saya baru saja (habis) pergi ke pasar. (penekanan lebih dengan kata keterangan)

EN: I have been gone to the market just now. (with emphasis by adverb)

3) Wayah Angarêp 🌅🌆

(Masa Depan/Future)

a.Bakal (general future, distant) 💝

Saat kita akan berkata mengenai sesuatu di masa depan atau sesuatu yang akan datang terutama apabila masih cukup jauh, kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Bakal.

Bentuk: Bakal + têmbung kriya

-) Aku bakal bisa dolanan piyano.

ID: Saya akan dapat bermain piano (mungkin suatu hari nanti)

EN: I will be able to play piano. (maybe someday, who knows)

-) Aku bakal amangan bakmi ramen.

ID: Aku akan memakan mi ramen. (mungkin suatu hari nanti atau pada akhirnya nanti)

EN: I will eat the ramen noodle (maybe someday or eventually)

-) Mêngko, rotine bakal tak pangan.

ID: Nanti, rotinya akan saya makan. (atau pada akhirnya nanti)

EN: I will eat the bread later. (or eventually)

Untuk penggunaan Tanpa Têmbung Panulung, tentu saja bisa. Karena, bahasa Jawa tidak sungguh-sungguh memiliki tenses bahasa dan semuanya dapat dipahami melalui konteks dan intuisi pengguna. 

Banyak bahasa di Asia tidak menggunakan kata penting yang dianggap signifikan dalam memberitahukan makna/informasi tertentu dalam bahasa Inggris. Apabila kita ingin menjadikannya lebih spesifik (jelas) maka kita dapat pula memberikan kata keterangan sebagai tambahan.

-) Mêngko yen adhiku wis mangkat mênyang pawiyatan, tak telêpun maneh.

ID: Nanti apabila adik saya sudah berangkat ke sekolah, saya telepon kembali.

EN: I’ll call you again later when my younger sibling has gone to school.

-) Besuk/suk mben, omah iki sok wis dadi beda maneh.

ID: Suatu saat nanti, rumah ini mungkin sudah menjadi berbeda lagi.

EN: The house will be different (again) someday.

(or the house will have been different (again) someday.)

b.Arêp (future, intentional) 💝

Saat kita ingin berkata mengenai sesuatu yang akan kita lakukan di masa depan atau sudah direncanakan, kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Arêp.

Bentuk: Arêp + têmbung kriya

-) Aku arêp alunga saka kene.

ID: Saya hendak pergi dari sini.

EN: i am going to go from here.

-) Aku arêp atelêpun kowe mêngko sore.

ID: Saya hendak menelepon kamu nanti sore.

EN: I am going to call you this afternoon/evening.

c.Ameh (near future) 💝

Saat kita ingin berkata mengenai sesuatu yang ingin kita lakukan dalam waktu yang sangat dekat (setelah kita mengatakannya), maka kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Ameh.

Bentuk: Ameh + têmbung kriya

-) Aku ameh mangkat.

ID: Saya mau berangkat.

EN: I’m about to go.

-) Aku ameh aturu ing kasur.

ID: Saya mau tidur di kasur.

EN: I’m about to sleep on the bed.

-) Bar iki, kuwi ameh tak tulis.

ID: Setelah ini, hal yang itu mau saya tulis.

EN: I’m about to write that just after this.

Untuk menambah pemahaman, têmbung panulung Ameh dapat pula digunakan untuk menjelaskan sesuatu yang hampir terjadi.

-) Gêlase ameh anumplak.

ID: Gelasnya hampir tertumpah (jatuh).

EN: The glass almost fall (in to the table).

-) Aku ameh añjiglok saka loteng têlu.

ID: Saya hampir terjatuh dari lantai tiga.

EN: I almost fell from the third floor.

Secara umum, kita dapat memahami dari konteks apakah têmbung panulung Ameh memiliki arti 'mau' atau 'hampir'.

Mungkin itu saja mengenai Kata Kerja Bantu dan Aspek dalam bahasa Jawa.

Apabila ada pertanyaan, silahkan memberikan komentar ya!! Terimakasih. 😊😊

That’s all about the Javanese tenses and aspects. If you have any question or suggestion, please message me. Thank you.

The English Version:

https://blue-feather-me.tumblr.com/post/646003580654977024/javanese-modal-verbs-and-aspects-first

Dhasaring Sinau Basa Jawa

 Sinau basa Jawa ora namung mudhêng têtêmbungan wae. Sinau basa Jawa iku kalêbu sinau angênani dhadhasaring basa Jawa iku dhewe, kapriye basa Jawa umlaku lan karakit. Dadi, sukma lan tatalakuning basa Jawa iku yen wus dimudhêngi mangka bakalan bisa lañcar angone anganggo basa Jawa ing sabarang kahanan lan wayah.

ID: Dasar Belajar Bahasa Jawa. Mempelajari bahasa Jawa tidak hanya memahami kosakata saja. Belajar bahasa Jawa termasuk mempelajari dasar dari bahasa Jawa itu sendiri, bagaimana bahasa Jawa bekerja dan dirakit. Sehingga, jiwa dan sistem dari bahasa Jawa itu apabila telah dipahami maka akan (menjadikan kita) lebih lancar dalam menggunakan bahasa Jawa di setiap keadaan dan waktu.

EN: The Basics of Learning Javanese Language. Learning Javanese is not only (about) understanding the vocabulary. Learning Javanese includes learning the basics of the Javanese itself, how tne language works and is built. So, the soul and the system of the Javanese, if understood, will make us more fluent in using the language in every situation and time.

Pratelan Isi:

1. Têmbung Lingga

2. Têmbung Kriya

3. Têmbung Aran

4. Têmbung Kahanan

5. Têmbung Paramasastran

1. Têmbung Linga

Têmbung lingga yaiku têmbung kang dumadi dhadhasaring basa Jawa. Têmbung iki asipat 'wantah', ora katambahan apa-apa. Liwat têmbung linga, kabeh têmbung ing basa Jawa bisa karakit lan urip. Kabeh têmbung andhahan kang karakit iku mau bañjur kang dumadi sarana pamocap lan panulis basa Jawa anggo ing sabên dinane.

Tuladha:

a. Tulis -> anulis, ditulis, katulis, tulisan, tinulis, tumulis, tulis-tulis, anulis-nulis, meja tulis, lsp.

b. Waca -> amaca/umaca, diwaca, kawaca, wacan, winaca, winacan, waca-waca, umaca-maca, wacan-wacan, buku wacan, lsp.

c. Dadi -> adadi, dumadi, andadekake, didadekake, kadadekake, dinadekake, dinaden kadadeyan, lsp.

Dadi, saka têmbung lingga mau bisa karakit akeh têmbung kang dinggo ing sabên dinane.

2. Têmbung Kriya

Liyane:

(Lain-lain/Others)

-) Aksara Jawa

-) Carane Agawe Ukara Basa Jawa

-) Carane Agawe Têmbung Kriya

-) Carane Agawe Têmbung Aran

-) Carane Agawe Têmbung Kahanan

-) Pratelan Têmbung Paramasastran

-) Carane Angetung Angka lan Wilangan Basa Jawa

-) Swarawidya Basa Jawa

Last update: 12 February 2021

*It's still under construction

Pratelan: Aksara Jawa IPA

Pratelan ing mangisor iki ya iku Aksara Jawa Rekan kanggo Aksara Swarajati Baunagara (IPA, International Phonetic Alphabet). 

Aksara Rekan iku dinggo anulis swara saka basa mañca kang pênting kaya ta: Jênêng wong, Jênêng Nagara, Jênêng Papan/Laladan, Jênêng Cihnanama (Merk), lsp. Aksara iki ora kanggo anulis têmbung kang wis umlêbu basa Jawa utawa padha karo têmbung kang swarane wis bañjur dijawakake.

ID: Daftar Aksara Jawa Rekan untuk IPA

EN: List of Javanese Alphabet for IPA

Aksara Wyanjana

(Konsonan/Consonant)

Aksara Swara

(Huruf vokal/Vowels)

Sandhangan Laras

(Tanda nada/Tones)

Liya-liya

(Lain-lain/Others)

Last uodate: 10 February 2021

*It's still under construction

Pratelan: Nagara Yunaythid Kingdhêm

Pratelan ing mangisor iki yaiku gagayutan karo nagara Yunaythid Kingdhêm (Yu-Key, UK)

ID: Daftar yang berkaitan dengan negara Inggris Raya

EN: List that is related to United Kingdom

Jawa - Inggris

England

Wales

Scotland

Nothern Ireland

Republic of Ireland

Ireland (Northern Ireland + Republic of Ireland)

Britain (England + Wales)

Great Britain (Britain + Scotland)

United Kingdom (...)

British Isles (Great Britain + Ireland + ...)

Last Update: 10 February 2021

*It's still under construction

Pratelan: Nagara Bageyan ing Amerikah

 Pratelan ing mangisor iki yaiku angênani jênêng-jênêng nagara bageyan ing Amerikah Sarekat (Yu-Es-Ey, USA)/Yunaythêd Stheyts of Êmerikê (United States of America) miturut pocapan wiwitan ana ing sabên nagarane.

ID: Daftar nama negara bagian Amerika Serikat

EN: List of states in America (USA)

Jawa - Inggris:

1. Ælêbæmê = Alabama     (al-uh-bam-uh     /ˌæl əˈbæm ə/)

2. Êlæskê = Alaska     (uh-las-kuh     /əˈlæs kə/)

3. Ærêzonê = Arizona     (ar-uh-zoh-nuh     /ˌær əˈzo nə/)

4. Ąrkênsò = Arkansas    ( ahr-kuhn-saw     /ˈɑr kənˌsɔ/)

5. Kælêforn'yê = California     (kal-uh-for-nyuh     /ˌkæl əˈforn jə/)

6. Kąlêrædho = Colorado     (kol-uh-rad-oh     /ˌkal əˈrædo/)

7. Kênedhikêt = Connecticut     (kuh-ned-i-kuht     /kəˈnɛd ɪ kət/)

8. Dhelêwe-êr = Delaware    ( del-uh-wair     /ˈdɛl əˌwɛər/)

9. Florìdhê = Florida    ( flor-i-duh     /ˈflor ɪ də/)

10. Jorjê = Georgia     (jor-juh     /ˈdʒor dʒə/)

11. Hêvay'i = Hawai’i (native)     (huh-vye-ee     /həˈvaɪ i/)

12. Aydhêho = Idaho     (ahy-duh-hoh     /ˈaɪ dəˌho/)

13. Ìlênoy = Illinois    ( il-uh-noi     /ˌɪl əˈnoɪ/  )

14. Indhiænê = Indiana    ( in-dee-an-uh     /ˌɪn diˈæn ə/)

15. Ayêwê = Iowa     (ahy-uh-wuh     /ˈaɪ ə wə/)

16. Kænzês = Kansas     (kan-zuh s     /ˈkæn zəs/)

17. Kêntháki = Kentucky     (kuhn-tuhk-ee     /kənˈtʌk i/)

18. Luiziænê = Louisiana     (loo-ee-zee-an-uh     /luˌi ziˈæn ə/)

19. Meyn = Maine     (mayn     /meɪn/)

20. Mèrêlêndh = Maryland    ( mer-uh-luhnd     /ˈmɛr ə lənd/) 

21. Mìsyìgên = Michigan     (mish-i-guhn     /ˈmɪʃ ɪ gən/)

22. Mìnêsodhê = Minnesota     (min-uh-soh-duh     /ˌmɪn əˈso də/ )

23. Mìsêsìpi = Mississippi     (mis-uh-sip-ee     /ˌmɪs əˈsɪp i/ )

24. Mizùêri = Missouri    ( mi-zoor-ee     /mɪˈzʊər i/ )  

25. Manthænê = Montana     (mon-tan-uh     /manˈtæn ə/)

26. Nêbræskê = Nebraska     (nuh-bras-kuh     /nəˈbræs kə/)

27. Nêvædhê = Nevada     (nuh-vad-uh     /nəˈvæd ə/)

28. Nuhæmpsyêr = New Hampshire    ( noo hamp-sher     /nu ˈhæmp ʃər/)

29. Nujêrzi = New Jersey     (noo jur-zee     /nu ˈdʒɜr zi/)

30. Numeksìko = New Mexico     (noo mek-si-koh     /nu ˈmɛksɪˌko/)

31. Nuyork = New York     (noo york     /nu ‘jork/)

32. Nort-hkeyrêlaynê = North Carolina     (north kar-uh-lahy-nuh     /norθ ˌkeɪr əˈlaɪ nə/)

33. Nort-hdhêkodhê = North Dakota     (north duh-koh-duh     /norθ dəˈko də/)

34. Ohayo = Ohio     (oh-hahy-oh     /oˈhaɪo/)

35. Oklêhomê = Oklahoma     (oh-kluh-hoh-muh     /ˌo kləˈho mə/)

36. Orìgên = Oregon    ( or-i-guhn     /ˈor ɪ gən/)

37. Pensêlveyn'yê = Pennsylvania     (pen-suhl-veyn-yuh     /ˌpɛn səlˈveɪn jə/)

38. Rôwdh'aylêndh = Rhode Island     (rohd ahy-luhnd     /roʊd ˈaɪ lənd/)

39. Sawt-hkærêlaynê = South Carolina     (sowth kar-uh-lahy-nuh     /saʊθ ˌkeɪr əˈlaɪ nə/)

40. Sawt-hdhêkodhê = South Dakota     (sowth duh-koh-duh     /saʊθ dəˈko də/)

41. Thenêsi = Tennessee    ( ten-uh-see     /ˌtɛn əˈsi/)

42. Theksês = Texas     (tek-suhs     /ˈtɛk səs/)

43. Yuthò = Utah     (yoo-taw     /ˈju tɔ/)

44. Vêrmanth = Vermont    ( ver-mont     /vərˈmant/)

45. Vêrjìn'yê = Virginia     (ver-jin-yuh     /vərˈdʒɪn jə/ )

46. Wòsyìthên = Washington     (wosh-shing tuhn     /ˈwɔ ʃɪŋ-tən/)

47. Dhistrigth'ávkêlámbiyê = District of Columbia (Washington D.C.)     (dis-trikt uhv kuh-luhm-bee-uh     /ˈdɪs trɪkt ʌv kəˈlʌm bi ə/)

*Wòsyìngthêndhisi

48. Westh Vêrjìn'yê = West Virginia     (west ver-jin-yuh     /wɛst vərˈdʒɪn jə/)

49. Wiskąnsên = Wisconsin     (wis-kon-suhn     /wɪsˈkɒn sən/ )

50. Wayoming =Wyoming     (why-oh-ming     /waɪˈo mɪŋ/)

Paripustaka:

https://www.accentsavvy.com/blog-accent-reduction/how-to-pronounce-50-states-usa-alphabetical

Last Update: 11 February 2021