Do and Don't! (Imperative Speech)

Javanese has more than one positive commands and one negative command.

Positive Command:

1. Baseword (Verb class)

2. Ang-A (All class)

3. -Ên (Verb class)

4. -Na (All Class)

5. -Ana (All Class)

Negative command:

1. Aja (All Class)

 

We will discuss Positive Commands first.

1. Baseword (Verb Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) It uses only Basewords of Verb Class (they already have Verb meaning).

2) It is the easiest and simplest but rudest command of all (you usually use it towards animals).

3) The Focus (sentence focus) of this command form is on the Verb or the activity intended.

4) This command form has no Subject or Object in a sentence.

5) You can add words like Iki or X ki (particle ki) as the Topic  for emphasis.

6) You can add adverb of Time after the Verb after a pause comma.

 Examples:

1) Lunga! / Lunga kana!

(Go! / Go away!)

2) Pangan! / Iki, pangan! / Heh kowe ki, pangan!

(Eat! / This, eat! / Hey you, eat!)

3) Tulis! / Tulis, gek ndang!

(Write! / Write, quick!)

2. Ang/A/Um-A (All Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) It uses the Ang- form (Active Transitive) or A-form (Active Intransitive) or Um- form (Active Stative) and -A command suffix (so every baseword is transformed into one of Active Verb forms).

2) It is one of the most used and basic command form in Javanese.

3) The Focus (sentence focus) of this command is on the Commanded Person.

4) This command has no Subject (see point number 3) and may be given any Objects in a sentence.

5) You can add the word Kowe ki to empasis the Commanded Person or call some attention. But, it may be considered ruder than without it.

Rules and Fomula:

1. Words with final A vowel + -A

2) Words with final U/O/Ê vowel + -Wa

3) Words with final I/E vowel + -Ya

4) Words with final consonants + -A

Examples:

1) Alungaa! / alungaa mênyang pasar!

(Go! / Go to the market!)

2) Anulisa! / Anulisa ing buku!

(Write! / Write on the book!)

3) Amangana! / Amangana kang acêpêt!

(Eat! / Eat fastly!)

4) Gumuyuwa! / Gumuyuwa, aja asêdhih!

(Laugh! / Laugh, don't be sad!)

3. -Ên (Verb Class, especially Transitive meaning)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command form focuses on the Object.

2) You can only use Verb Baseword Class in their transitive meaning.

3) This command does not have any Subjects.

4) You can use this command with only the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix. 

5) You can add any adverbs if needed.

6) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki.

7) Because the Focus is on the Object, you can translate the command form as "Do it!" instead of "Do!". It depends on your preferable style as long as you understand what the Focus is.

Example:

1) Panganên!/Sêgane panganên!

(Eat!/ This rice, eat it!)

2) Guwangên!/Guwangên ing kana!

(Throw away!/Throw it away there!)

3) Sapunên!/Jogane sapunên!

(Sweep!/This floor, sweep it!)

4. -Na (All Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command form focuses on the Non-Doer. Because, the Subject does the activity for Someone else's sake.

2) You use All Baseword class in this command form in their Baseword form. The meaning will be Transitive verb.

3) This command does not have any Subjects.

4) You can use this command with Object as is after the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne iki etc.

5) You can add any adverbs if needed.

6) You can add the Non-Doer for whom the Subject does the activity before the verb.

7) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by calling the name or title before the whole command. You can also add Kowe ki lho before the whole command.

8) You can translate this command form as "Do it for me!" or "Do it for X!". You can also translate it as "Do!" as long as you understand the Focus and Intention of this command form.

Rules:

1) Words with final vowels change their form as follows

* a > akna

* u, o > okna

* i, e > ekna

× ê > êkna

2) Usually, words with final -N change their form to -K as follows:

*Pakan + -Na > Pakak + -Na > Pakakna

Example:

1) Lungakna!/Kewane iki lungakna!

(Make it go away! / This animal, make it go away!)

2) Guwakna!/Guwakna uwuh iki!

(Throw it away! / Throw this garbage away!)

3) Tukokna!/Ibu tukokna lênga!

(Buy it!/Buy Mom some oil!)

4. -Ana (All Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command form focuses on the Object.

2) It has the nuance of the Plurality of the Objects or the Actions (repetitive).

3) You can also say that it is the Plural Focus version of the -Ên command form.

4) You can use All Baseword Class in their Transitive Verb meaning.

5) This command does not have any Subjects.

6) You can use this command with only the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix. 

7) You can add any adverbs if needed.

8) You can add adverb Kabeh after the verb to emphasize the Plurality of the Objects. Sometimes, you can add adverb Padha before the verb instead.

9) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki.

10) Because the Focus is on the Object, you can translate the command form as "Do it all!" instead of "Do!". It depends on your preferable style as long as you understand what the Focus is.

Rules:

1) Words with final vowels change their forms as follows:

* a > anana

* u, o > onana

* i, e > enana

* ê > ênana

Example:

1) Guwakana!/Uwuhe guwakana!

(Throw it all!/These garbage, throw them all!)

2) Isenana!/Gêndule isenana kabeh!

(Fill it!/These bottles, fill them all!)

3) Urugana!/Bolongane urugana!

(Backfill it all!/These holes, backfill them all!)

Negative Command

1. Aja (Conjugated Verbs)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command expresses negative command (Don't!).

2) You can add Aja before any Conjugated Verbs.

3) The Focus is usually on the Action for the Active verb and Stative verb, and on the Objects for the Passive Verb.

4) More or less, the details of each command depends on its Conjugated verb. While Aja only expresses simple negative command without any details on its own, unlike the Positive Command Affixes.

5) This command does not have any Subjects.

6) You can use this command with only the verb. You can add the Object especially after Active Transitive verbs. You can add Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix before the whole command if you use Passive verb or sometimes after the whole command.

7) You can add any adverbs if needed.

8) You can add adverb Kabeh after the verb to emphasize the Plurality of the Objects. Sometimes, you can add adverb Padha before the verb instead.

9) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki before the whole command.

Example:

1) Aja amangan! / Aja amangan akeh-akeh!

(Do not eat! / Do not eat too much!) active transitive verb

2) Aja agawe! / Aja agawe prakara!

(Do not make! / Do not make any problem!) intransitive affix with transitive meaning

3) Aja gumuyu! / Aja gumuyu bantêr-bantêr!

(Do not laugh! / Do not laugh loudly!) stative verb

4) Aja angguyu! / Aja angguyu Pak guru!

(Do not laugh at it! / Do not laugh at the teacher!) active transitive verb

5) Aja diguyu! / Wonge aja diguyu!

(Do not laugh it! / That person, do not laugh at him!) passive verb / object focus

6) Aja aturu! / Aja aturu ing kene!

(Do not sleep! / Do not sleep here!) intransitive verb

7) Aja atura-turu! / Aja atura-turu ing kene!

(Do not just sleep around! / Do not just sleep around, here!) instransitive verb, repetitive action

Javanese Base-Word Conjugation Outline

Javanese has a system where everything is formed from a baseword and the derivative words are the ones used in the sentences. And sometimes, the first derivative word can be a second baseword itself and forms many second derivative words, and so on. This is why, understanding both the outline and the detail of this system is the key of understanding how Javanese works and how to use it productively. Every baseword class can form all derivative word classes. But, keep in mind that different baseword classes behave differently on the affix used. Hence, in the detailed explanation in the different blog article, we will see how to use correct affixes to produce derivative words we need from the baseword we have.

Now, we will see an example of the conjugation of a sample baseword into its derivatives.

Baseword: 

Jupuk (transitive verb class)

Derivatives:

Commands (Imperatives):

Jupuk

Añjupuka

Jupukên

Jupukana

Jupukna

Irrealis:

Añjupuka

Dwiowah:

Jujupuk

Jupuk-jupuk

Active verbs:

Añjupuk

Añjupuki

Añjupukake

Passive I verbs (actor):

Dijupuk

Dijupuki

Dijupukake

Passive II verbs (unknown actor):

Kajupuk

Kajupukan

Kajupukake

Adjectives:

Ajupuk

Ajupukan

Jupukjati

Tanjupuk

Añjupukên

Kañjupukên

Kamijupukên

Kumajupuk

Kapijupuk

Adverbs:

Kanthi + Adjectives

Nouns:

Jupukan

Pajupuk

Pijupuk

Pañjupuk

Piñjupuk

Pajupukan

Pinijupuk

Old constructions:

Jumupuk

Jinupuk

Jinujupukan

Jupuk-jinupuk

Pakajupuk

Makajupuk

Pinakajupuk

Others:

Orajupuk (angorajupuk, etc.)

Balijupuk (ambalijupuk, etc.)

Orabalijupuk (angorabalijupuk, etc.)

Bisajupuk (angbisajupuk, etc.)

Orabisajupuk (angorabisajupuk, etc.)

Note:

1) Some affixes like pra- is not displayed because it usually creates a whole new baseword with different meaning. Unless, for Pra + numbers.

2) Affixes like pra-an is limited in use. Thus, it can not be used in just every baseword.

3) Javanese has 3 grammatical Moods: Imperative, Irrealis, and Indicative. Irrealis can be used for subjunctive, etc.

4) Dwiowah words are always second basewords. So, they will have their own (second) derivatives as well.

5) Old Constructions are derivatives using old or archaic affixes. They are still in use from time to time.

This way, we can see through mapping how many derivatives can be formed by a baseword both generally and for each specific class. And, we can understand how important baseword-affix system in Javanese is, and what we need to form derivatives we would like to use each time through this system.

Javanese Question Sentence (Interrogative)

Today, we will learn about Javanese interrogative sentence.

Types of Interrogative Sentences:

1) Detailed-answer question

2) Yes-no Question

3) Question-Tag

4) Choice Question

5) 7W+1H Question

1) Detailed-Answer Question

This question sentence will let the other person to answer in details or give some reasons.

General Formula:

Subject + apa + Verb / The Rest

Examples:

a. Kowe apa wis amangan?

(Have you eaten, or what?)

b. Kowe apa abubar saka pawiyatan?

(Have you just been from the school, or what?)

c. Kowe apa ameh aturu?

(Are you about to sleep, or what?)

2. Yes-No Question Sentence

This question sentence will let the other person to answer the question with a yes or no (to affirm the statement as true or not).

General Formula:

Subject + Verb / The Rest + apa ora?

Note:

The negation of Wis is Durung. The negation of Yaiku/Iku is Dudu.

Examples:

a. Kowe wis amangan, apa durung?

(Have you eaten or not?)

b. Kowe abubar saka pawiyatan, apa ora?

(Have you just been from the school or not?)

c. Kowe ameh aturu, apa ora?

(Are you about to sleep or not?)

3) Question-Tag

This question sentence will let the other person to confirm our suspicion, guess, or conviction with a yes or no (to affirm the statement as true or not).

General Formula:

Subject + apa ora + Verb / The Rest + (ta)

Note:

You can add Ta in your sentence final to give a strong or empathetic tone. It is like an emphasis to your whole question.

Examples:

a. Kowe apa ora wis amangan?

(You have eaten, haven't you / right?)

b. Kowe apa ora abubar saka pawiyatan?

(You have just been from the school, haven't you / right?)

c. Kowe apa ora ameh aturu?

(You are about to sleep, aren't you / right?)

4) Choice Question

This question sentence will let the other person to answer based on the options there.

General Formula:

Subject + Verb / The Rest + apa + Verb / The Rest.

Examples:

a. Kowe wis amangan apa angombe?

(Have you eaten or drunk?)

b. Kowe abubar saka pawiyatan apa pajêmbaran?

(Have you just been from the school or tue field?)

c. Kowe ameh aturu apa amaca?

(Are you about to sleep or to read?)

5) 7W+1H Question

This question sentence uses question words.

The Choices are:

a. Apa = What/which

b. Sapa = Who/whom 

c. Kapan = When

d. Ing êndi = Where

e. Kênangapa = Why

f. Duweking sapa = Whose

g. Kapriye = How, what do you do

h. Dening sapa = By whom

i. Dening apa = By which

j. Kanthi sapa = By (using) whom

k. Kanthi apa = By (using) which

l. Lumantar sapa = Through whom

m. Lumantar apa = Through which

n. Marang sapa = To whom

o. Marang apa = To which

q. Mênyang sapa To(wards) whom

r. Mênyang apa = To(wards) which

s. Pira = how much, how many

etc. (all prepositioned question words)

General Formula:

Question word + The Rest

Examples:

a. Apa iki?

(What is this?

b. Apa warnaning omah iku?

(What is the color of that house?)

c. Barang apa iki?

(What thing/kind of thing is this?)

d. Sapa iki?

(Who is this?)

e. Sapa wong iku?

(Who is that person?)

f. Sapa jênêngmu?

(What is your name?)

g. Kapan iki?

(When is it?)

h. Kapan omahe bakal arampung?

(When will the house be done?)

i. Ing êndi iki?

(Where is it?)

j. Ing êndi aku?

(Where am I?)

k. Ing êndi omahmu?

(Where is your house?)

l. Kênangapa kok kaya mangkene?

(Why is it like this?)

m. Kênangapa kok kudu ditulis?

(Why does it have to be written?)

n. Kênangapa kowe?

(What happens to you?)

o. Duweking sapa iki?

(Whose is this?)

p. Duweking sapa omah iki?

(Whose house is this?)

q. Kapriye anggone anulis?

(How do you/What do you do to write?)

r. Kapriye?

(How is it?)

s. Kapriye kahananing omahmu?

(How is the condition of your house?)

t. Pira omahmu?

(How many are your houses?)

u. Pira rêganing omahmu?

(How much is your house / does your house cost?)

v. Dening sapa pralayang iki?

(By whom is this book written?)

End note:

1) Sometimes, word orders can be changed in casual or daily settings. It depends on what you want to emphasize.

2) People may find themselves use casual construction that chops some grammatical words around. In this case, the Standard construction vs the Casual construction may differ in components.

3) Every question sentence can be added with Ta at the final to put emphasis or empathetic tone toward your whole question. But, Ta has to be located right after the question word in a 7W+1H question.

Kata Kerja Bantu dan Aspek dalam bahasa Jawa

Têmbung Panulung lan Pisawang Wêktu

(Kata Kerja Bantu dan Aspek)

(Javanese Modal Verbs and Aspects)

Note: Aksara 'A' pada têmbung kriya seperti anumplak, alunga, dll dapat diabaikan pada percakapan (bahasa non-tulis).

Note: for full English version, click the link on the bottom of article.

Pertama, bahasa Jawa tidak memiliki apa yang biasa kita sebut dengan tenses bahasa (grammatical tenses). Tetapi, bahasa Jawa memiliki apa yang kita sebut sebagai Aspek. Singkatnya, Aspek membedakan secara mendasar apakah suatu kata kerja SUDAH/BELUM terjadi. Untuk memudahkan, penggunaan keterangan berupa tenses tetap diberikan untuk memudahkan pemahaman kita akan peletakan kata kerja dalam konteks waktu.

1) Wayah Saiki 🌇

(Waktu sekarang/Present Time)

a. Tanpa Têmbung Panulung (simple present)💝

Saat kita akan berkata mengenai kegiatan sehari-hari atau memberikan suatu pernyataan biasa, kita dapat menggunakan kata kerja TANPA têmbung panulung.

-) Aku amangan sêga.

ID: Saya memakan nasi.

EN: I eat food

-) Aku atuku roti sabên dina.

ID: Saya membeli roti setiap hari.

EN: I buy bread every day.

b.Lagi (present continuous) 💝

Saat kita akan berkata mengenai sesuatu yang sedang dilakukan atau dalam proses pengerjaan, kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Lagi.

Bentuk: Lagi + têmbung kriya

-) Aku lagi angumbah klambi.

ID: Saya sedang mencuci baju.

EN: I’m washing the clothes.

-) Lagi angapa kowe?

ID: Sedang apa kamu?

EN: What are you doing?

 

2) Wayah Biyen 🌄

(Masa Lalu/Past)

a. Tanpa têmbung panulung (simple past) 💝

Karena dalam bahasa Jawa menggunakan Aspek maka kita dapat menyatakan sesuatu yang sudah terjadi di masa lalu TANPA menggunakan têmbung panulung. Namun, kita dapat menggunakan kata keterangan untuk membuat waktu yang dimaksud lebih spesifik (jelas).

-) Simbahku angisahi gêlas.

ID: Kakek/Nenekku mencuci gelas.

EN: My grandparent washed the glasses.

-) Simbahku angisahi gêlas mau wêngi.

ID: Kakek/Nenekku mencuci gelas tadi malam. (lebih spesifik)

EN: My grandparent washed the glasses last night. (it’s more specific)

b.Wis (general past, present perfect) 💝

Saat kita akan berkata mengenai sesuatu yang telah terjadi atau sudah dilakukan, kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Wis.

Bentuk: Wis + têmbung kriya

-) Aku wis alunga mênyang pasar.

ID: Saya sudah pergi ke pasar.

EN: I have gone to the market.

-) Pitike wis dipakani.

ID: Ayam(-nya/itu) sudah diberi pakan.

EN: The chicken has been fed.

Untuk membuat makna 'past perfect', kita dapat menggunakan kata keterangan untuk menjadikannya lebih spesifik (jelas).

-) Aku wis alunga mênyang pasar Sênen wingi.

ID: Saya sudah pergi ke pasar Senin lalu.

EN: I had gone to the market last Monday.

-) Dhek mau wêngi nalika aku wis angombe teh, adhiku anangis.

ID: Tadi malam saat saya meminum teh, adik saya menangis.

EN: Last night when I had drunk the tea, my younger sibling cried.

c.Bubar (immediate past) 💝

Saat kita ingin berkata mengenai sesuatu yang baru saja terjadi, kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Bubar.

Bentuk: Bubar + têmbung kriya

-) Aku bubar amangan.

ID: Saya baru saja makan. (saya habis makan)

EN: I have eaten just now. (I just finished eating)

-) Aku lagi wae bubar alunga mênyang pasar.

ID: Saya baru saja (habis) pergi ke pasar. (penekanan lebih dengan kata keterangan)

EN: I have been gone to the market just now. (with emphasis by adverb)

3) Wayah Angarêp 🌅🌆

(Masa Depan/Future)

a.Bakal (general future, distant) 💝

Saat kita akan berkata mengenai sesuatu di masa depan atau sesuatu yang akan datang terutama apabila masih cukup jauh, kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Bakal.

Bentuk: Bakal + têmbung kriya

-) Aku bakal bisa dolanan piyano.

ID: Saya akan dapat bermain piano (mungkin suatu hari nanti)

EN: I will be able to play piano. (maybe someday, who knows)

-) Aku bakal amangan bakmi ramen.

ID: Aku akan memakan mi ramen. (mungkin suatu hari nanti atau pada akhirnya nanti)

EN: I will eat the ramen noodle (maybe someday or eventually)

-) Mêngko, rotine bakal tak pangan.

ID: Nanti, rotinya akan saya makan. (atau pada akhirnya nanti)

EN: I will eat the bread later. (or eventually)

Untuk penggunaan Tanpa Têmbung Panulung, tentu saja bisa. Karena, bahasa Jawa tidak sungguh-sungguh memiliki tenses bahasa dan semuanya dapat dipahami melalui konteks dan intuisi pengguna. 

Banyak bahasa di Asia tidak menggunakan kata penting yang dianggap signifikan dalam memberitahukan makna/informasi tertentu dalam bahasa Inggris. Apabila kita ingin menjadikannya lebih spesifik (jelas) maka kita dapat pula memberikan kata keterangan sebagai tambahan.

-) Mêngko yen adhiku wis mangkat mênyang pawiyatan, tak telêpun maneh.

ID: Nanti apabila adik saya sudah berangkat ke sekolah, saya telepon kembali.

EN: I’ll call you again later when my younger sibling has gone to school.

-) Besuk/suk mben, omah iki sok wis dadi beda maneh.

ID: Suatu saat nanti, rumah ini mungkin sudah menjadi berbeda lagi.

EN: The house will be different (again) someday.

(or the house will have been different (again) someday.)

b.Arêp (future, intentional) 💝

Saat kita ingin berkata mengenai sesuatu yang akan kita lakukan di masa depan atau sudah direncanakan, kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Arêp.

Bentuk: Arêp + têmbung kriya

-) Aku arêp alunga saka kene.

ID: Saya hendak pergi dari sini.

EN: i am going to go from here.

-) Aku arêp atelêpun kowe mêngko sore.

ID: Saya hendak menelepon kamu nanti sore.

EN: I am going to call you this afternoon/evening.

c.Ameh (near future) 💝

Saat kita ingin berkata mengenai sesuatu yang ingin kita lakukan dalam waktu yang sangat dekat (setelah kita mengatakannya), maka kita dapat menggunakan têmbung panulung Ameh.

Bentuk: Ameh + têmbung kriya

-) Aku ameh mangkat.

ID: Saya mau berangkat.

EN: I’m about to go.

-) Aku ameh aturu ing kasur.

ID: Saya mau tidur di kasur.

EN: I’m about to sleep on the bed.

-) Bar iki, kuwi ameh tak tulis.

ID: Setelah ini, hal yang itu mau saya tulis.

EN: I’m about to write that just after this.

Untuk menambah pemahaman, têmbung panulung Ameh dapat pula digunakan untuk menjelaskan sesuatu yang hampir terjadi.

-) Gêlase ameh anumplak.

ID: Gelasnya hampir tertumpah (jatuh).

EN: The glass almost fall (in to the table).

-) Aku ameh añjiglok saka loteng têlu.

ID: Saya hampir terjatuh dari lantai tiga.

EN: I almost fell from the third floor.

Secara umum, kita dapat memahami dari konteks apakah têmbung panulung Ameh memiliki arti 'mau' atau 'hampir'.

Mungkin itu saja mengenai Kata Kerja Bantu dan Aspek dalam bahasa Jawa.

Apabila ada pertanyaan, silahkan memberikan komentar ya!! Terimakasih. 😊😊

That’s all about the Javanese tenses and aspects. If you have any question or suggestion, please message me. Thank you.

The English Version:

https://blue-feather-me.tumblr.com/post/646003580654977024/javanese-modal-verbs-and-aspects-first