Javanese has more than one positive commands and one negative command.
Positive Command:
1. Baseword (Verb class)
2. Ang-A (All class)
3. -Ên (Verb class)
4. -Na (All Class)
5. -Ana (All Class)
Negative command:
1. Aja (All Class)
We will discuss Positive Commands first.
1. Baseword (Verb Class)
The details of this command form is as follows:
1) It uses only Basewords of Verb Class (they already have Verb meaning).
2) It is the easiest and simplest but rudest command of all (you usually use it towards animals).
3) The Focus (sentence focus) of this command form is on the Verb or the activity intended.
4) This command form has no Subject or Object in a sentence.
5) You can add words like Iki or X ki (particle ki) as the Topic for emphasis.
6) You can add adverb of Time after the Verb after a pause comma.
Examples:
1) Lunga! / Lunga kana!
(Go! / Go away!)
2) Pangan! / Iki, pangan! / Heh kowe ki, pangan!
(Eat! / This, eat! / Hey you, eat!)
3) Tulis! / Tulis, gek ndang!
(Write! / Write, quick!)
2. Ang/A/Um-A (All Class)
The details of this command form is as follows:
1) It uses the Ang- form (Active Transitive) or A-form (Active Intransitive) or Um- form (Active Stative) and -A command suffix (so every baseword is transformed into one of Active Verb forms).
2) It is one of the most used and basic command form in Javanese.
3) The Focus (sentence focus) of this command is on the Commanded Person.
4) This command has no Subject (see point number 3) and may be given any Objects in a sentence.
5) You can add the word Kowe ki to empasis the Commanded Person or call some attention. But, it may be considered ruder than without it.
Rules and Fomula:
1. Words with final A vowel + -A
2) Words with final U/O/Ê vowel + -Wa
3) Words with final I/E vowel + -Ya
4) Words with final consonants + -A
Examples:
1) Alungaa! / alungaa mênyang pasar!
(Go! / Go to the market!)
2) Anulisa! / Anulisa ing buku!
(Write! / Write on the book!)
3) Amangana! / Amangana kang acêpêt!
(Eat! / Eat fastly!)
4) Gumuyuwa! / Gumuyuwa, aja asêdhih!
(Laugh! / Laugh, don't be sad!)
3. -Ên (Verb Class, especially Transitive meaning)
The details of this command form is as follows:
1) This command form focuses on the Object.
2) You can only use Verb Baseword Class in their transitive meaning.
3) This command does not have any Subjects.
4) You can use this command with only the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix.
5) You can add any adverbs if needed.
6) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki.
7) Because the Focus is on the Object, you can translate the command form as "Do it!" instead of "Do!". It depends on your preferable style as long as you understand what the Focus is.
Example:
1) Panganên!/Sêgane panganên!
(Eat!/ This rice, eat it!)
2) Guwangên!/Guwangên ing kana!
(Throw away!/Throw it away there!)
3) Sapunên!/Jogane sapunên!
(Sweep!/This floor, sweep it!)
4. -Na (All Class)
The details of this command form is as follows:
1) This command form focuses on the Non-Doer. Because, the Subject does the activity for Someone else's sake.
2) You use All Baseword class in this command form in their Baseword form. The meaning will be Transitive verb.
3) This command does not have any Subjects.
4) You can use this command with Object as is after the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne iki etc.
5) You can add any adverbs if needed.
6) You can add the Non-Doer for whom the Subject does the activity before the verb.
7) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by calling the name or title before the whole command. You can also add Kowe ki lho before the whole command.
8) You can translate this command form as "Do it for me!" or "Do it for X!". You can also translate it as "Do!" as long as you understand the Focus and Intention of this command form.
Rules:
1) Words with final vowels change their form as follows
* a > akna
* u, o > okna
* i, e > ekna
× ê > êkna
2) Usually, words with final -N change their form to -K as follows:
*Pakan + -Na > Pakak + -Na > Pakakna
Example:
1) Lungakna!/Kewane iki lungakna!
(Make it go away! / This animal, make it go away!)
2) Guwakna!/Guwakna uwuh iki!
(Throw it away! / Throw this garbage away!)
3) Tukokna!/Ibu tukokna lênga!
(Buy it!/Buy Mom some oil!)
4. -Ana (All Class)
The details of this command form is as follows:
1) This command form focuses on the Object.
2) It has the nuance of the Plurality of the Objects or the Actions (repetitive).
3) You can also say that it is the Plural Focus version of the -Ên command form.
4) You can use All Baseword Class in their Transitive Verb meaning.
5) This command does not have any Subjects.
6) You can use this command with only the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix.
7) You can add any adverbs if needed.
8) You can add adverb Kabeh after the verb to emphasize the Plurality of the Objects. Sometimes, you can add adverb Padha before the verb instead.
9) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki.
10) Because the Focus is on the Object, you can translate the command form as "Do it all!" instead of "Do!". It depends on your preferable style as long as you understand what the Focus is.
Rules:
1) Words with final vowels change their forms as follows:
* a > anana
* u, o > onana
* i, e > enana
* ê > ênana
Example:
1) Guwakana!/Uwuhe guwakana!
(Throw it all!/These garbage, throw them all!)
2) Isenana!/Gêndule isenana kabeh!
(Fill it!/These bottles, fill them all!)
3) Urugana!/Bolongane urugana!
(Backfill it all!/These holes, backfill them all!)
Negative Command
1. Aja (Conjugated Verbs)
The details of this command form is as follows:
1) This command expresses negative command (Don't!).
2) You can add Aja before any Conjugated Verbs.
3) The Focus is usually on the Action for the Active verb and Stative verb, and on the Objects for the Passive Verb.
4) More or less, the details of each command depends on its Conjugated verb. While Aja only expresses simple negative command without any details on its own, unlike the Positive Command Affixes.
5) This command does not have any Subjects.
6) You can use this command with only the verb. You can add the Object especially after Active Transitive verbs. You can add Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix before the whole command if you use Passive verb or sometimes after the whole command.
7) You can add any adverbs if needed.
8) You can add adverb Kabeh after the verb to emphasize the Plurality of the Objects. Sometimes, you can add adverb Padha before the verb instead.
9) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki before the whole command.
Example:
1) Aja amangan! / Aja amangan akeh-akeh!
(Do not eat! / Do not eat too much!) active transitive verb
2) Aja agawe! / Aja agawe prakara!
(Do not make! / Do not make any problem!) intransitive affix with transitive meaning
3) Aja gumuyu! / Aja gumuyu bantêr-bantêr!
(Do not laugh! / Do not laugh loudly!) stative verb
4) Aja angguyu! / Aja angguyu Pak guru!
(Do not laugh at it! / Do not laugh at the teacher!) active transitive verb
5) Aja diguyu! / Wonge aja diguyu!
(Do not laugh it! / That person, do not laugh at him!) passive verb / object focus
6) Aja aturu! / Aja aturu ing kene!
(Do not sleep! / Do not sleep here!) intransitive verb
7) Aja atura-turu! / Aja atura-turu ing kene!
(Do not just sleep around! / Do not just sleep around, here!) instransitive verb, repetitive action
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