JAVANESE MODAL VERBS
Javanese has several modal verbs to express the modality of a sentence. Some modal verbs below express the grammatical aspect of a verb.
Overview
Will (future) = bakal
May (be allowed to) = oleh
Can (be able to) = bisa
Can (be allowed to) = oleh
Kêna = borderline between be allowed to and shall
Shall (obligation, need) = kudu
Shall (obligation, future) = bakale
Should (suggestion, ought to) = kudune
Must (have to) = kudu
Must (be supposed to) = kudune
Must be (conviction) = mêsthi
Dare (I dare + action) = wani
Dare (to dare someone) = anantang
Used to = kulina biyen
Used to be = biyene
Be used to (be accustomed to) = wis kulina
Be going to = arêp
Be about to (future) = ameh
(sometimes you add wis to emphasize the readiness)
Be about to (past, almost) = mau ameh
For comple grammatical tenses and aspects, please look at this article (link).
Explanations:
1. Oleh
The details are as follows:
1) It denotes the meaning of Be allowed to. Thus, it can be used to translate Can or May in this sense or nuance.
2) It is the most used modal verb to allow or disallow someone.
Example:
1) Kowe oleh amangan gêdhang
(You are allowed to/can/may eat bananas.)
2) Kowe oleh amangan panganan iki.
(You are allowed to/can/may eat this food.)
3) Kowe ora oleh angombe banyu iki.
(You are not allowed to/can not/may not drink this water.)
2. Bisa
1) It denotes the meaning of Be able to. Thus, you can use it to translate Can in this sense or muance.
Examples:
1) Kowe bisa amangan sêga.
(You are able to/can eat rice.)
2) Aku bisa anyambutgawe
(I am able to/can work.)
3) Aku ora bisa aturu.
(I am not able to/cannot sleep.)
3. Kêna
1) It denotes Borderline meaning between Be allowed to and Shall.
2) It is the formal form of Oleh. It brings the sense of formality and officialness.
3) It brings the air of authority to the sentence.
Examples:
1) Kowe kêna amangan.
(You are allowed to/shall eat.)
2) Aku kêna amangan apa ora?
(Am I allowed/Shall I sleep or not?)
3) Kowe ora kêna angombe.
(You are not allowed to/shall not drink.)
4. Kudu
1) It denotes the meaning of Obligation and need (Have to, got to, need to). It can be used to translate Must or Shall in this sense or nuance.
Example:
1) Kowe kudu amangan gêdhang.
(You have to/must/shall eat bananas.)
2) Aku kudu alunga sesuk.
(I have to/must/shall go tomorrow.)
3) Kowe kudu angombe.
(You have to/must/shall drink.)
5. Bakale
1) It denotes the meaning of Obligation to be done soon or in the future. It can be used to translate Shall in this sense or nuance.
2) It has air of Obligation in comparison with Bakal that only denotes future.
3) It brings the air of prediction and prophecy.
Examples:
1) Kowe bakale aduwe anak lima.
(You shall have five children.)
2) Aku bakale alunga saka kene.
(I shall go from here.)
3) Kowe bakale alunga karo aku sesuk.
(You shall go with me tomorrow.)
6. Kudune I
1) It denotes the meaning of Suggestion. It can be used to translate Should or Ought to in this sense or context.
2) You can use the adverb Wae to emphasis the Suggestion (Should just). You can use this adverb to put different emphasis of nuance with the second one (Kudune II) below.
Examples:
1) Kowe kudune amangan.
(You should/ought to eat.)
2) Aku kudune aturu wae sesuk.
(I should just sleep tomorrow.)
3) Kowe kudune angombe yen angêlak
(You should drink if you are thirsty.)
7. Kudune II
1) It denotes the meaning of Be supposed to. It can be used to translate Must in this sense or nuance.
2) This meaning especially used with emphasis with adverb of Time (saiki, dhek wingi, etc.) and sometimes added with adverb of Place. Adverb of Time has immense role to differentiate between this particular meaning with the first one (Kudune I).
Examples:
1) Saiki, kudune dheweke wis ing omah.
(He should have been at home now.)
2) Sesuk, kudune aku wis anulis layang.
(Tomorrow, I should have wrote a letter.)
3) Kudune dheweke wis angombe banyu.
(She should have drunk some water.)
8. Mêsthi
1) It denotes the meaning of Conviction. It can be used to translate Must be in this sense of muance.
Examples:
1) Kowe mêsthi amangan sêga.
(You must be eating rice.)
2) Aku mêsthi wis awarêg yen gêlêm amangan.
(I must have been full if I were willing to eat.)
3) Dheweke mêsthi ing omah.
(He must be at home.)
9. Wani
1) It denotes the meaning of Fist person's bravery. It can be used to translate I dare to in this sense or nuance.
Examples:
1) Aku wani anyabrang kali.
(I dare cross the river.)
2) Kowe wani karo dheweke kabeh.
(You dare go against them.)
3) Dheweke ora wani mrono.
(She dare not go there.)
10. Anantang
1) It denotes the meaning of Challenging someone's bravery. It can be used to translate Dare someone to in this sense of nuance.
Examples:
1) Aku anantang wonge mau anyabrang kali.
(I dare that person before cross the river.)
2) Kowe anantang dheweke kabeh.
(You dare them.)
3) Dheweke anantang kañcane mrono.
(She dare her friend go there.)
ASPECTUAL MODAL VERBS
11. Kulina
1) It denotes the meaning of Past habit. It can be used to translate Used to in this sense or nuance.
2) It can be emphasized by using adverb Biyen (back then).
Examples:
1) Biyen, aku kulina amangan sêga.
(I used to eat rice back then.)
2) Biyen, kowe kulina umunggah gunung.
(You used to climb mountains.)
3) Biyen, dheweke sabên dina kulina amangan gêdhang.
(He used to eat banana everyday.)
12. Biyene
1) It denotes the meaning of the Condition in the past. It can be used to translate Used to be in this sense or nuance.
Examples:
1) Omah iku biyene omahing simbahku.
(That house used to be my grandparents' house.)
2) Biyene, kene iki udyana.
(It used to be park here.)
3) Dheke biyene juru gambar.
(She used to be a painter.)
13. Wis kulina
1) It denotes the meaning of Self familiarity with a certain action (Be accustomed to) . It can be used to translate Be used to in this sense or nuance.
Examples:
1) Aku kulina amangan sêga.
(I am accustomed to eat rice.)
2) Kowe kulina aturu ing kursi.
(You are accustomed to sleep on a chair.)
3) Dheweke wis kulina anyambutgawe ing kono.
(He is accustomed to/already accustomed to work there.)
14. Bakal
The details are as follows:
1) Its basic meaning is modal verb Will (future).
2) It denotes abstract future (less abstract than arêp = be going to). There is no guarantee or great effort to make it happen than Arêp from the speaker.
3) It denotes far future (further than ameh = be about to, and ameh = be going to).
Examples:
1) Omahe iki bakal dumadi omahmu.
(This house will be your house.)
2) Kowe bakal dumadi guru.
(You will become a teacher.)
3) Kowe bakal amangan roti.
(You will eat breads.)
15. Arêp
1) It denotes the meaning of Future especially the planned one. It can be used to translate Be going to in this sense or nuance.
Examples:
1) Aku arêp amangan sêga.
(I am going to eat rice.)
2) Kowe arêp alunga mênyang pasar.
(You are going to go to the market.)
3) Dheweke arêp atuku barang iki sesuk.
(She is going to buy this thing tomorrow.)
16. Ameh I
1) It denotes the meaning of Near future. It can be used to translate Be about to in this sense or nuance.
2) It especially denote the things that will have been done.
3) You can add Wis before it to emphasize the Finite aspect of the action (Will have been).
4) You can add adverb Saiki to emphasize that it is Currently going to finish (be about to X now).
Examples:
1) Aku ameh amangan sêga.
(I am about to eat rice.)
2) Kowe ameh umunggah gunung bubar iki.
(You are about to climb the mountain after this.)
3) Wite saiki ameh awoh.
(The fruit is about to bear fruit now.)
4) Kêmbange wis ameh agogrog.
(The flowers are about to have fallen / about to fall.)
5) Cerete wis ameh umop.
(The kettle is almost boiling.) = I see it now.
17. Ameh II
1) It denotes the meaning of things Almost be done in the near past or broad past. It can be used to translate Be about to in this sense or nuance.
2) It can denote either simple Statement of fact or Regrets.
3) You can add adverb Dhek mau or just Mau before it or before the whole sentence to emphasize the near past meaning (Was about to X just now).
4) You can add past adverb like Dhek wingi (yesterday) or Dhek biyen (back then) before it or the whole sentence to empasize the broad past or distant past meaning (Was about to X yesterday)
5) You can add Wis to denotes the Finite action that would have been happen but it does not happen or fail to happen. This construction may add Regretful undertone to the sentence especially if coupled with Mau.
Examples:
1) Dhek mau, aku ameh amangan.
(I was about to eat.)
2) Dheweke mau ameh mênyang pasar.
(She was about to go to the market.)
3) Wonge mau wis ameh amênang.
(The person was about to win.) = regrets.
4) Cerete mau wis ameh umop.
(The kettle was almost boiling.) = I saw it just a minute ago.
5) Gêlase mau ameh anumplak.
(The glass was about to fall.) = but it does not happen.
6) Kêmbange dhek wingi ameh agogrog.
(The flowers were about to fall yesterday.) = they should be falling now or they turns out not falling.
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