Afiks Bahasa Jawa

Afiks (Wuwuhan) atau imbuhan adalah dasar bagi bahasa Jawa. Melalui interaksi antara afiks dan kata dasar (Lingga) maka kita akan mendapatkan kosakata bahasa Jawa.

Jenis-jenis kelas Afiks adalah sebagai berikut.

Pinêmbung Aran

Nominalizer (Penjadi Kata Benda):

-An

Pa- (pi, pra, pri-)

Pang-

Ping-

Pini-

Pa-an

Pra-an

Ka-an

Paka-

Pinêmbung Kriya

Verbalizer (Penjadi Kata Kerja):

Mawa lesan

Transitive (Berobjek):

Ang-

Ang-an

Ang-i

Ang-ake

Tanpa Lesan

Intransitive (Tidak Berobjek):

A/ma-

Um-

Ka- 

Tanggap

Passive (Pasif):

Ka

Ka-an

Ka-ake

In-

In-an

Di

Di-i

Di-ake

Dak

Kok

Pinaka

Pinêmbung Kahanan

Adjectivalizer (Penjadi Kata Sifat):

A/ma-

A/ma-an

A/ma-ên (cangkrangên)

Um-

In-

Ang-ên 

Kang-ên, kum-ên

Ka-ên 

Kuma

Kami

Kapi

Mak

Pating

Maka

Pinêmbung Katrangan

Adverbializer (Penjadi Kata Keterangan):

Kanthi + Kata sifat/kerja

Tiap afiks ini akan dibahas satu per satu.

Dokumen:

https://www.mediafire.com/file/t0sxzyud90tstf0/Afiks_Aran.doc/file

Javanese Modal Verbs

JAVANESE MODAL VERBS

Javanese has several modal verbs to express the modality of a sentence. Some modal verbs below express the grammatical aspect of a verb.

Overview

Will (future) = bakal

May (be allowed to) = oleh

Can (be able to) = bisa

Can (be allowed to) = oleh

Kêna = borderline between be allowed to and shall

Shall (obligation, need) = kudu

Shall (obligation, future) = bakale

Should (suggestion, ought to) = kudune

Must (have to) = kudu

Must (be supposed to) = kudune

Must be (conviction) = mêsthi

Dare (I dare + action) = wani

Dare (to dare someone) = anantang

Used to = kulina biyen

Used to be = biyene

Be used to (be accustomed to) = wis kulina

Be going to = arêp

Be about to (future) = ameh

(sometimes you add wis to emphasize the readiness)

Be about to (past, almost) = mau ameh

For comple grammatical tenses and aspects, please look at this article (link).

http://ngomongnulisbasajawa.blogspot.com/2021/03/kata-kerja-bantu-dan-aspek-dalam-bahasa.html

Explanations:

1. Oleh

The details are as follows:

1) It denotes the meaning of Be allowed to. Thus, it can be used to translate Can or May in this sense or nuance.

2) It is the most used modal verb to allow or disallow someone.

Example:

1) Kowe oleh amangan gêdhang

(You are allowed to/can/may eat bananas.)

2) Kowe oleh amangan panganan iki.

(You are allowed to/can/may eat this food.)

3) Kowe ora oleh angombe banyu iki.

(You are not allowed to/can not/may not drink this water.)

2. Bisa

1) It denotes the meaning of Be able to. Thus, you can use it to translate Can in this sense or muance.

Examples:

1) Kowe bisa amangan sêga.

(You are able to/can eat rice.)

2) Aku bisa anyambutgawe

(I am able to/can work.)

3) Aku ora bisa aturu.

(I am not able to/cannot sleep.)

3. Kêna

1) It denotes Borderline meaning between Be allowed to and Shall. 

2) It is the formal form of Oleh. It brings the sense of formality and officialness.

3) It brings the air of authority to the sentence.

Examples:

1) Kowe kêna amangan.

(You are allowed to/shall eat.)

2) Aku kêna amangan apa ora?

(Am I allowed/Shall I sleep or not?)

3) Kowe ora kêna angombe.

(You are not allowed to/shall not drink.)

4. Kudu

1) It denotes the meaning of Obligation and need (Have to, got to, need to). It can be used to translate Must or Shall in this sense or nuance.

Example:

1) Kowe kudu amangan gêdhang.

(You have to/must/shall eat bananas.)

2) Aku kudu alunga sesuk.

(I have to/must/shall go tomorrow.)

3) Kowe kudu angombe.

(You have to/must/shall drink.)

5. Bakale

1) It denotes the meaning of Obligation to be done soon or in the future. It can be used to translate Shall in this sense or nuance.

2) It has air of Obligation in comparison with Bakal that only denotes future.

3) It brings the air of prediction and prophecy.

Examples:

1) Kowe bakale aduwe anak lima.

(You shall have five children.)

2) Aku bakale alunga saka kene.

(I shall go from here.)

3) Kowe bakale alunga karo aku sesuk.

(You shall go with me tomorrow.)

6. Kudune I

1) It denotes the meaning of Suggestion. It can be used to translate Should or Ought to in this sense or context.

2) You can use the adverb Wae to emphasis the Suggestion (Should just). You can use this adverb to put different emphasis of nuance with the second one (Kudune II) below.

Examples:

1) Kowe kudune amangan.

(You should/ought to eat.)

2) Aku kudune aturu wae sesuk.

(I should just sleep tomorrow.)

3) Kowe kudune angombe yen angêlak

(You should drink if you are thirsty.)

7. Kudune II

1) It denotes the meaning of Be supposed to. It can be used to translate Must in this sense or nuance.

2) This meaning especially used with emphasis with adverb of Time (saiki, dhek wingi, etc.) and sometimes added with adverb of Place. Adverb of Time has immense role to differentiate between this particular meaning with the first one (Kudune I).

Examples:

1) Saiki, kudune dheweke wis ing omah.

(He should have been at home now.)

2) Sesuk, kudune aku wis anulis layang.

(Tomorrow, I should have wrote a letter.)

3) Kudune dheweke wis angombe banyu.

(She should have drunk some water.)

8. Mêsthi

1) It denotes the meaning of Conviction. It can be used to translate Must be in this sense of muance.

Examples:

1) Kowe mêsthi amangan sêga.

(You must be eating rice.)

2) Aku mêsthi wis awarêg yen gêlêm amangan.

(I must have been full if I were willing to eat.)

3) Dheweke mêsthi ing omah.

(He must be at home.)

9. Wani

1) It denotes the meaning of Fist person's bravery. It can be used to translate I dare to in this sense or nuance.

Examples:

1) Aku wani anyabrang kali.

(I dare cross the river.)

2) Kowe wani karo dheweke kabeh.

(You dare go against them.)

3) Dheweke ora wani mrono.

(She dare not go there.)

10. Anantang

1) It denotes the meaning of Challenging someone's bravery. It can be used to translate Dare someone to in this sense of nuance.

Examples:

1) Aku anantang wonge mau anyabrang kali.

(I dare that person before cross the river.)

2) Kowe anantang dheweke kabeh.

(You dare them.)

3) Dheweke anantang kañcane mrono.

(She dare her friend go there.)

ASPECTUAL MODAL VERBS

11. Kulina

1) It denotes the meaning of Past habit. It can be used to translate Used to in this sense or nuance.

2) It can be emphasized by using adverb Biyen (back then).

Examples:

1) Biyen, aku kulina amangan sêga.

(I used to eat rice back then.)

2) Biyen, kowe kulina umunggah gunung.

(You used to climb mountains.)

3) Biyen, dheweke sabên dina kulina amangan gêdhang.

(He used to eat banana everyday.)

12. Biyene

1) It denotes the meaning of the Condition in the past. It can be used to translate Used to be in this sense or nuance.

Examples:

1) Omah iku biyene omahing simbahku.

(That house used to be my grandparents' house.)

2) Biyene, kene iki udyana.

(It used to be park here.)

3) Dheke biyene juru gambar.

(She used to be a painter.)

13.  Wis kulina

1) It denotes the meaning of Self familiarity with a certain action (Be accustomed to) . It can be used to translate Be used to in this sense or nuance.

Examples:

1) Aku kulina amangan sêga.

(I am accustomed to eat rice.)

2) Kowe kulina aturu ing kursi.

(You are accustomed to sleep on a chair.)

3) Dheweke wis kulina anyambutgawe ing kono.

(He is accustomed to/already accustomed to work there.)

14. Bakal 

The details are as follows:

1) Its basic meaning is modal verb Will (future).

2) It denotes abstract future (less abstract than arêp = be going to). There is no guarantee or great effort to make it happen than Arêp from the speaker.

3) It denotes far future (further than ameh = be about to, and ameh = be going to).

Examples:

1) Omahe iki bakal dumadi omahmu.

(This house will be your house.)

2) Kowe bakal dumadi guru.

(You will become a teacher.)

3) Kowe bakal amangan roti.

(You will eat breads.)

15. Arêp

1) It denotes the meaning of Future especially the planned one. It can be used to translate Be going to in this sense or nuance.

Examples:

1) Aku arêp amangan sêga.

(I am going to eat rice.)

2) Kowe arêp alunga mênyang pasar.

(You are going to go to the market.)

3) Dheweke arêp atuku barang iki sesuk.

(She is going to buy this thing tomorrow.)

16. Ameh I

1) It denotes the meaning of Near future. It can be used to translate Be about to in this sense or nuance.

2) It especially denote the things that will have been done.

3) You can add Wis before it to emphasize the Finite aspect of the action (Will have been). 

4) You can add adverb Saiki to emphasize that it is Currently going to finish (be about to X now).

Examples:

1) Aku ameh amangan sêga.

(I am about to eat rice.)

2) Kowe ameh umunggah gunung bubar iki.

(You are about to climb the mountain after this.)

3) Wite saiki ameh awoh.

(The fruit is about to bear fruit now.)

4) Kêmbange wis ameh agogrog.

(The flowers are about to have fallen / about to fall.)

5) Cerete wis ameh umop.

(The kettle is almost boiling.) = I see it now.

17. Ameh II

1) It denotes the meaning of things Almost be done in the near past or broad past. It can be used to translate Be about to in this sense or nuance.

2) It can denote either simple Statement of fact or Regrets.

3) You can add adverb Dhek mau or just Mau before it or before the whole sentence to emphasize the near past meaning (Was about to X just now).

4) You can add past adverb like Dhek wingi (yesterday) or Dhek biyen (back then) before it or the whole sentence to empasize the broad past or distant past meaning (Was about to X yesterday)

5) You can add Wis to denotes the Finite action that would have been happen but it does not happen or fail to happen. This construction may add Regretful undertone to the sentence especially if coupled with Mau.

Examples:

1) Dhek mau, aku ameh amangan.

(I was about to eat.)

2) Dheweke mau ameh mênyang pasar.

(She was about to go to the market.)

3) Wonge mau wis ameh amênang.

(The person was about to win.) = regrets.

4) Cerete mau wis ameh umop.

(The kettle was almost boiling.) = I saw it just a minute ago.

5) Gêlase mau ameh anumplak.

(The glass was about to fall.) = but it does not happen.

6) Kêmbange dhek wingi ameh agogrog.

(The flowers were about to fall yesterday.) = they should be falling now or they turns out not falling.

Do and Don't! (Imperative Speech)

Javanese has more than one positive commands and one negative command.

Positive Command:

1. Baseword (Verb class)

2. Ang-A (All class)

3. -Ên (Verb class)

4. -Na (All Class)

5. -Ana (All Class)

Negative command:

1. Aja (All Class)

 

We will discuss Positive Commands first.

1. Baseword (Verb Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) It uses only Basewords of Verb Class (they already have Verb meaning).

2) It is the easiest and simplest but rudest command of all (you usually use it towards animals).

3) The Focus (sentence focus) of this command form is on the Verb or the activity intended.

4) This command form has no Subject or Object in a sentence.

5) You can add words like Iki or X ki (particle ki) as the Topic  for emphasis.

6) You can add adverb of Time after the Verb after a pause comma.

 Examples:

1) Lunga! / Lunga kana!

(Go! / Go away!)

2) Pangan! / Iki, pangan! / Heh kowe ki, pangan!

(Eat! / This, eat! / Hey you, eat!)

3) Tulis! / Tulis, gek ndang!

(Write! / Write, quick!)

2. Ang/A/Um-A (All Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) It uses the Ang- form (Active Transitive) or A-form (Active Intransitive) or Um- form (Active Stative) and -A command suffix (so every baseword is transformed into one of Active Verb forms).

2) It is one of the most used and basic command form in Javanese.

3) The Focus (sentence focus) of this command is on the Commanded Person.

4) This command has no Subject (see point number 3) and may be given any Objects in a sentence.

5) You can add the word Kowe ki to empasis the Commanded Person or call some attention. But, it may be considered ruder than without it.

Rules and Fomula:

1. Words with final A vowel + -A

2) Words with final U/O/Ê vowel + -Wa

3) Words with final I/E vowel + -Ya

4) Words with final consonants + -A

Examples:

1) Alungaa! / alungaa mênyang pasar!

(Go! / Go to the market!)

2) Anulisa! / Anulisa ing buku!

(Write! / Write on the book!)

3) Amangana! / Amangana kang acêpêt!

(Eat! / Eat fastly!)

4) Gumuyuwa! / Gumuyuwa, aja asêdhih!

(Laugh! / Laugh, don't be sad!)

3. -Ên (Verb Class, especially Transitive meaning)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command form focuses on the Object.

2) You can only use Verb Baseword Class in their transitive meaning.

3) This command does not have any Subjects.

4) You can use this command with only the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix. 

5) You can add any adverbs if needed.

6) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki.

7) Because the Focus is on the Object, you can translate the command form as "Do it!" instead of "Do!". It depends on your preferable style as long as you understand what the Focus is.

Example:

1) Panganên!/Sêgane panganên!

(Eat!/ This rice, eat it!)

2) Guwangên!/Guwangên ing kana!

(Throw away!/Throw it away there!)

3) Sapunên!/Jogane sapunên!

(Sweep!/This floor, sweep it!)

4. -Na (All Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command form focuses on the Non-Doer. Because, the Subject does the activity for Someone else's sake.

2) You use All Baseword class in this command form in their Baseword form. The meaning will be Transitive verb.

3) This command does not have any Subjects.

4) You can use this command with Object as is after the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne iki etc.

5) You can add any adverbs if needed.

6) You can add the Non-Doer for whom the Subject does the activity before the verb.

7) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by calling the name or title before the whole command. You can also add Kowe ki lho before the whole command.

8) You can translate this command form as "Do it for me!" or "Do it for X!". You can also translate it as "Do!" as long as you understand the Focus and Intention of this command form.

Rules:

1) Words with final vowels change their form as follows

* a > akna

* u, o > okna

* i, e > ekna

× ê > êkna

2) Usually, words with final -N change their form to -K as follows:

*Pakan + -Na > Pakak + -Na > Pakakna

Example:

1) Lungakna!/Kewane iki lungakna!

(Make it go away! / This animal, make it go away!)

2) Guwakna!/Guwakna uwuh iki!

(Throw it away! / Throw this garbage away!)

3) Tukokna!/Ibu tukokna lênga!

(Buy it!/Buy Mom some oil!)

4. -Ana (All Class)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command form focuses on the Object.

2) It has the nuance of the Plurality of the Objects or the Actions (repetitive).

3) You can also say that it is the Plural Focus version of the -Ên command form.

4) You can use All Baseword Class in their Transitive Verb meaning.

5) This command does not have any Subjects.

6) You can use this command with only the verb or you can add the Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix. 

7) You can add any adverbs if needed.

8) You can add adverb Kabeh after the verb to emphasize the Plurality of the Objects. Sometimes, you can add adverb Padha before the verb instead.

9) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki.

10) Because the Focus is on the Object, you can translate the command form as "Do it all!" instead of "Do!". It depends on your preferable style as long as you understand what the Focus is.

Rules:

1) Words with final vowels change their forms as follows:

* a > anana

* u, o > onana

* i, e > enana

* ê > ênana

Example:

1) Guwakana!/Uwuhe guwakana!

(Throw it all!/These garbage, throw them all!)

2) Isenana!/Gêndule isenana kabeh!

(Fill it!/These bottles, fill them all!)

3) Urugana!/Bolongane urugana!

(Backfill it all!/These holes, backfill them all!)

Negative Command

1. Aja (Conjugated Verbs)

The details of this command form is as follows:

1) This command expresses negative command (Don't!).

2) You can add Aja before any Conjugated Verbs.

3) The Focus is usually on the Action for the Active verb and Stative verb, and on the Objects for the Passive Verb.

4) More or less, the details of each command depends on its Conjugated verb. While Aja only expresses simple negative command without any details on its own, unlike the Positive Command Affixes.

5) This command does not have any Subjects.

6) You can use this command with only the verb. You can add the Object especially after Active Transitive verbs. You can add Object in the topic form with -E/Ne affix before the whole command if you use Passive verb or sometimes after the whole command.

7) You can add any adverbs if needed.

8) You can add adverb Kabeh after the verb to emphasize the Plurality of the Objects. Sometimes, you can add adverb Padha before the verb instead.

9) You can emphasize the Subject (the second Person) by adding Kowe ki before the whole command.

Example:

1) Aja amangan! / Aja amangan akeh-akeh!

(Do not eat! / Do not eat too much!) active transitive verb

2) Aja agawe! / Aja agawe prakara!

(Do not make! / Do not make any problem!) intransitive affix with transitive meaning

3) Aja gumuyu! / Aja gumuyu bantêr-bantêr!

(Do not laugh! / Do not laugh loudly!) stative verb

4) Aja angguyu! / Aja angguyu Pak guru!

(Do not laugh at it! / Do not laugh at the teacher!) active transitive verb

5) Aja diguyu! / Wonge aja diguyu!

(Do not laugh it! / That person, do not laugh at him!) passive verb / object focus

6) Aja aturu! / Aja aturu ing kene!

(Do not sleep! / Do not sleep here!) intransitive verb

7) Aja atura-turu! / Aja atura-turu ing kene!

(Do not just sleep around! / Do not just sleep around, here!) instransitive verb, repetitive action

Javanese Base-Word Conjugation Outline

Javanese has a system where everything is formed from a baseword and the derivative words are the ones used in the sentences. And sometimes, the first derivative word can be a second baseword itself and forms many second derivative words, and so on. This is why, understanding both the outline and the detail of this system is the key of understanding how Javanese works and how to use it productively. Every baseword class can form all derivative word classes. But, keep in mind that different baseword classes behave differently on the affix used. Hence, in the detailed explanation in the different blog article, we will see how to use correct affixes to produce derivative words we need from the baseword we have.

Now, we will see an example of the conjugation of a sample baseword into its derivatives.

Baseword: 

Jupuk (transitive verb class)

Derivatives:

Commands (Imperatives):

Jupuk

Añjupuka

Jupukên

Jupukana

Jupukna

Irrealis:

Añjupuka

Dwiowah:

Jujupuk

Jupuk-jupuk

Active verbs:

Añjupuk

Añjupuki

Añjupukake

Passive I verbs (actor):

Dijupuk

Dijupuki

Dijupukake

Passive II verbs (unknown actor):

Kajupuk

Kajupukan

Kajupukake

Adjectives:

Ajupuk

Ajupukan

Jupukjati

Tanjupuk

Añjupukên

Kañjupukên

Kamijupukên

Kumajupuk

Kapijupuk

Adverbs:

Kanthi + Adjectives

Nouns:

Jupukan

Pajupuk

Pijupuk

Pañjupuk

Piñjupuk

Pajupukan

Pinijupuk

Old constructions:

Jumupuk

Jinupuk

Jinujupukan

Jupuk-jinupuk

Pakajupuk

Makajupuk

Pinakajupuk

Others:

Orajupuk (angorajupuk, etc.)

Balijupuk (ambalijupuk, etc.)

Orabalijupuk (angorabalijupuk, etc.)

Bisajupuk (angbisajupuk, etc.)

Orabisajupuk (angorabisajupuk, etc.)

Note:

1) Some affixes like pra- is not displayed because it usually creates a whole new baseword with different meaning. Unless, for Pra + numbers.

2) Affixes like pra-an is limited in use. Thus, it can not be used in just every baseword.

3) Javanese has 3 grammatical Moods: Imperative, Irrealis, and Indicative. Irrealis can be used for subjunctive, etc.

4) Dwiowah words are always second basewords. So, they will have their own (second) derivatives as well.

5) Old Constructions are derivatives using old or archaic affixes. They are still in use from time to time.

This way, we can see through mapping how many derivatives can be formed by a baseword both generally and for each specific class. And, we can understand how important baseword-affix system in Javanese is, and what we need to form derivatives we would like to use each time through this system.

Javanese Question Sentence (Interrogative)

Today, we will learn about Javanese interrogative sentence.

Types of Interrogative Sentences:

1) Detailed-answer question

2) Yes-no Question

3) Question-Tag

4) Choice Question

5) 7W+1H Question

1) Detailed-Answer Question

This question sentence will let the other person to answer in details or give some reasons.

General Formula:

Subject + apa + Verb / The Rest

Examples:

a. Kowe apa wis amangan?

(Have you eaten, or what?)

b. Kowe apa abubar saka pawiyatan?

(Have you just been from the school, or what?)

c. Kowe apa ameh aturu?

(Are you about to sleep, or what?)

2. Yes-No Question Sentence

This question sentence will let the other person to answer the question with a yes or no (to affirm the statement as true or not).

General Formula:

Subject + Verb / The Rest + apa ora?

Note:

The negation of Wis is Durung. The negation of Yaiku/Iku is Dudu.

Examples:

a. Kowe wis amangan, apa durung?

(Have you eaten or not?)

b. Kowe abubar saka pawiyatan, apa ora?

(Have you just been from the school or not?)

c. Kowe ameh aturu, apa ora?

(Are you about to sleep or not?)

3) Question-Tag

This question sentence will let the other person to confirm our suspicion, guess, or conviction with a yes or no (to affirm the statement as true or not).

General Formula:

Subject + apa ora + Verb / The Rest + (ta)

Note:

You can add Ta in your sentence final to give a strong or empathetic tone. It is like an emphasis to your whole question.

Examples:

a. Kowe apa ora wis amangan?

(You have eaten, haven't you / right?)

b. Kowe apa ora abubar saka pawiyatan?

(You have just been from the school, haven't you / right?)

c. Kowe apa ora ameh aturu?

(You are about to sleep, aren't you / right?)

4) Choice Question

This question sentence will let the other person to answer based on the options there.

General Formula:

Subject + Verb / The Rest + apa + Verb / The Rest.

Examples:

a. Kowe wis amangan apa angombe?

(Have you eaten or drunk?)

b. Kowe abubar saka pawiyatan apa pajêmbaran?

(Have you just been from the school or tue field?)

c. Kowe ameh aturu apa amaca?

(Are you about to sleep or to read?)

5) 7W+1H Question

This question sentence uses question words.

The Choices are:

a. Apa = What/which

b. Sapa = Who/whom 

c. Kapan = When

d. Ing êndi = Where

e. Kênangapa = Why

f. Duweking sapa = Whose

g. Kapriye = How, what do you do

h. Dening sapa = By whom

i. Dening apa = By which

j. Kanthi sapa = By (using) whom

k. Kanthi apa = By (using) which

l. Lumantar sapa = Through whom

m. Lumantar apa = Through which

n. Marang sapa = To whom

o. Marang apa = To which

q. Mênyang sapa To(wards) whom

r. Mênyang apa = To(wards) which

s. Pira = how much, how many

etc. (all prepositioned question words)

General Formula:

Question word + The Rest

Examples:

a. Apa iki?

(What is this?

b. Apa warnaning omah iku?

(What is the color of that house?)

c. Barang apa iki?

(What thing/kind of thing is this?)

d. Sapa iki?

(Who is this?)

e. Sapa wong iku?

(Who is that person?)

f. Sapa jênêngmu?

(What is your name?)

g. Kapan iki?

(When is it?)

h. Kapan omahe bakal arampung?

(When will the house be done?)

i. Ing êndi iki?

(Where is it?)

j. Ing êndi aku?

(Where am I?)

k. Ing êndi omahmu?

(Where is your house?)

l. Kênangapa kok kaya mangkene?

(Why is it like this?)

m. Kênangapa kok kudu ditulis?

(Why does it have to be written?)

n. Kênangapa kowe?

(What happens to you?)

o. Duweking sapa iki?

(Whose is this?)

p. Duweking sapa omah iki?

(Whose house is this?)

q. Kapriye anggone anulis?

(How do you/What do you do to write?)

r. Kapriye?

(How is it?)

s. Kapriye kahananing omahmu?

(How is the condition of your house?)

t. Pira omahmu?

(How many are your houses?)

u. Pira rêganing omahmu?

(How much is your house / does your house cost?)

v. Dening sapa pralayang iki?

(By whom is this book written?)

End note:

1) Sometimes, word orders can be changed in casual or daily settings. It depends on what you want to emphasize.

2) People may find themselves use casual construction that chops some grammatical words around. In this case, the Standard construction vs the Casual construction may differ in components.

3) Every question sentence can be added with Ta at the final to put emphasis or empathetic tone toward your whole question. But, Ta has to be located right after the question word in a 7W+1H question.

Tembung Panggathuk Conjunction Konjungsi

💖 Tembung Panggathuk  adalah  kata hubung (konjungsi)  dengan fungsi  menghubungkan dua kalimat , dua frasa , ataupun kalimat-frasa.  

💖 Tembung Panggathuk dapat dibagi menjadi 3 kelas  yaitu:

Padhajêjêr = Coordinating = koordinasi (sejajar)

Asorjêjêr = Subordinating = subordinasi (tidak sejajar)

Gathukjêjêr = Correlative = korelatif (berhubungan)

💖 Berikut ini adalah beberapa daftar Tembung Panggathuk (tidak lengkap, non exhaustive list) :

1) Amarga = because = karena

2) Saemper = as = sebagai 

(Minangka)

3) Apadene = as well as = dan juga

4) Nalika = at, on, when (time) = saat, ketika

5) Amrih = For, to (goals) = untuk, agar (tujuan)

(Supaya )

6) Tinimbang = than, rather than = daripada (perbandingan)

7) Aluwung = better, better to = lebih baik

8) Dening = by (person) = oleh

9) Kanthi = by (manner) = dengan (cara)

10) Anganggo = by (tools) = dengan (alat)

11) Lan = and = dan

12) Utawa = or  = atau

13) Antaraning A utawa B = either A or B = antara A atau B

14) Saka = from = dari

15) Anganti = to (range) = hingga, sampai (rentang)

16) Tekan = untill = hingga, sampai (titik selesai)

17) Bab = about = mengenai

18) Miturut = according to = menurut

19) Sambi = while (progressive) = saat, sambil 

20) Dene = while = sedangkan

21) Lumantar = through = melalui 

(Liwat)

22) Banjur = and then = lalu

23) Malah = instead, = malah

24) Apamaneh = moreover = terlebih lagi 

25) Akibate = consequently = akibatnya 

26) Dudu A utawa B = neither A nor B = bukan A atau B (tidak A atau B)

(Ora A utawa B)

27) Anggere = as long as = asalkan

28) Yen = if = jika

29) Namung yen = only if = hanya jika 

30) Sandayan = even though = walaupun

31) Arepa = even if = walapun (pengandaian)

32) Tembene = in the end = pada akhirnya

33) Wiwitane = in the beginning = pada mulanya 

34) Ewa mangkono = even so = walaupun begitu

(Ewa samana)

35) Upama = let's say = seumpama

36) Kareben = so that = agar

37) Sawise = after that = setelah itu 

38) Sadurunge = before that = sebelum itu

39) Dhek mau = before = tadi

40) Bareng = now that = (karena) sekarang

42) Kajaba = except = kecuali

43) Kalebu = including = termasuk 

44) Namung = only = hanya 

45) Bok manawa = just maybe = mungkin, semisal (menerka, memberi pilihan)

46) Manawa = just if = kalau semisal (memberi pilihan)

47) Bilih = that = bahwa 

48) Yaiku = is (definition) = yaitu

49) Kayata = such as = seperti 

50) Ananging = but = namun, tetapi

51) Ora namung A ananging uga B = not only A but also B = tidak hanya A tetapi juga B 

(Dudu namung A ananging uga B)                                       (bukan hanya A melainkan juga)

52) Apa = or (question word) = atau, apa (pilihan)

🌟GLADHI🌟  (Latihan, Exercise)

*Fill the blanks  with appropriate answers

*Isilah titik-titik yang ada dengan jawaban yang sesuai.

1) Aku ... adhiku arep alunga menyang pasar.

EN: I (and) my younger sibling are going to go to the market.

ID: Saya (dan) adik saya hendak pergi ke pasar.

2) Kowe bisa umulih saiki ... telepunen wong tuwamu dhisik yen ameh anginep.

EN: You can go home now (or) call your parents first if you are about to sleep over.

ID:  Kamu dapat  pulang sekarang (atau) menelepon orang tuamu  terlebih dahulu jika kamu hendak menginap.

3) Kowe bisa lumebu ... kowe aduwe undhangan.

EN: You can enter (only if) you have an invitation.

ID: Kamu dapat masuk (hanya jika) kamu memiliki undhangan.

4) Ketoke dheweke aseneng amangan ... jeruk ... apel.

EN: It looks like he/she likes eating (either) orange (or) apple.

ID: Kelihatannya, dia suka memakan  (antara) jeruk (atau) apel.

5) ... kowe ora aduwe panganan, kowe bakal angapa?

EN: (Let's say), you don't have any food, what will you do?

ID:  Katakanlah,  kamu tidak memiliki makanan, apa yang akan kamu lakukan?

6) Dheweke asinau ... angrungokake radhiyo.

EN: He/she is studying (while) listening to radio.

ID: Dia belajar (sambil) mendengarkan radio.

7) ... buku iki, tanduran kudu disiram saben esuk lan sore.

EN: (According to) this book, this plant needs to be watered every morning and late-afternoon.

ID: (Menurut) buku ini, tanaman harus disirami setiap pagi dan sore.

8) ... kucinge alunga umunggah menyang payon.

EN: (After that), the cat goes away going up to the roof.

ID:  (Setelah itu), kucing itu pergi naik ke  atas atap.

9) Ibu aseneng kembang (kayata) mlathi, mawar, lan kenanga.

EN: Mom likes flower (such as) jasmine, rose, and cananga.

ID: Ibu menyukai bunga (seperti) melati, mawar, dan kenanga.

10) ... wong telu iku, kabeh dijaluk tulung ... adus dhisik.

EN: (Excepting) those three, everyone is asked (to) take a bath first.

ID: (Selain) tiga orang itu, semuanya diminta (supaya) mandi terlebih dahulu.

Materi Grup 04

 🌟Materi Grup 04🌟

Imbuhan sangat berpengaruh dalam bahasa Jawa.  Penggunaan imbuhan akan merubah makna dari suatu tembung Lingga (kata dasar) menjadi tembung andhahan (kata turunan) dengan makna baru.

Asmara = romance, romansa

Asmarajati = romantic, romantis

Kasmarajaten = romanticity, keromantisan

Angasmarajatekake = romanticize, meromantisasi

Pingasmarajati = romanticization, romantisasi

Asmarajatitantra = romanticism, romantisme