Javanese Base-Word Conjugation Outline

Javanese has a system where everything is formed from a baseword and the derivative words are the ones used in the sentences. And sometimes, the first derivative word can be a second baseword itself and forms many second derivative words, and so on. This is why, understanding both the outline and the detail of this system is the key of understanding how Javanese works and how to use it productively. Every baseword class can form all derivative word classes. But, keep in mind that different baseword classes behave differently on the affix used. Hence, in the detailed explanation in the different blog article, we will see how to use correct affixes to produce derivative words we need from the baseword we have.

Now, we will see an example of the conjugation of a sample baseword into its derivatives.

Baseword: 

Jupuk (transitive verb class)

Derivatives:

Commands (Imperatives):

Jupuk

Añjupuka

Jupukên

Jupukana

Jupukna

Irrealis:

Añjupuka

Dwiowah:

Jujupuk

Jupuk-jupuk

Active verbs:

Añjupuk

Añjupuki

Añjupukake

Passive I verbs (actor):

Dijupuk

Dijupuki

Dijupukake

Passive II verbs (unknown actor):

Kajupuk

Kajupukan

Kajupukake

Adjectives:

Ajupuk

Ajupukan

Jupukjati

Tanjupuk

Añjupukên

Kañjupukên

Kamijupukên

Kumajupuk

Kapijupuk

Adverbs:

Kanthi + Adjectives

Nouns:

Jupukan

Pajupuk

Pijupuk

Pañjupuk

Piñjupuk

Pajupukan

Pinijupuk

Old constructions:

Jumupuk

Jinupuk

Jinujupukan

Jupuk-jinupuk

Pakajupuk

Makajupuk

Pinakajupuk

Others:

Orajupuk (angorajupuk, etc.)

Balijupuk (ambalijupuk, etc.)

Orabalijupuk (angorabalijupuk, etc.)

Bisajupuk (angbisajupuk, etc.)

Orabisajupuk (angorabisajupuk, etc.)

Note:

1) Some affixes like pra- is not displayed because it usually creates a whole new baseword with different meaning. Unless, for Pra + numbers.

2) Affixes like pra-an is limited in use. Thus, it can not be used in just every baseword.

3) Javanese has 3 grammatical Moods: Imperative, Irrealis, and Indicative. Irrealis can be used for subjunctive, etc.

4) Dwiowah words are always second basewords. So, they will have their own (second) derivatives as well.

5) Old Constructions are derivatives using old or archaic affixes. They are still in use from time to time.

This way, we can see through mapping how many derivatives can be formed by a baseword both generally and for each specific class. And, we can understand how important baseword-affix system in Javanese is, and what we need to form derivatives we would like to use each time through this system.

Javanese Question Sentence (Interrogative)

Today, we will learn about Javanese interrogative sentence.

Types of Interrogative Sentences:

1) Detailed-answer question

2) Yes-no Question

3) Question-Tag

4) Choice Question

5) 7W+1H Question

1) Detailed-Answer Question

This question sentence will let the other person to answer in details or give some reasons.

General Formula:

Subject + apa + Verb / The Rest

Examples:

a. Kowe apa wis amangan?

(Have you eaten, or what?)

b. Kowe apa abubar saka pawiyatan?

(Have you just been from the school, or what?)

c. Kowe apa ameh aturu?

(Are you about to sleep, or what?)

2. Yes-No Question Sentence

This question sentence will let the other person to answer the question with a yes or no (to affirm the statement as true or not).

General Formula:

Subject + Verb / The Rest + apa ora?

Note:

The negation of Wis is Durung. The negation of Yaiku/Iku is Dudu.

Examples:

a. Kowe wis amangan, apa durung?

(Have you eaten or not?)

b. Kowe abubar saka pawiyatan, apa ora?

(Have you just been from the school or not?)

c. Kowe ameh aturu, apa ora?

(Are you about to sleep or not?)

3) Question-Tag

This question sentence will let the other person to confirm our suspicion, guess, or conviction with a yes or no (to affirm the statement as true or not).

General Formula:

Subject + apa ora + Verb / The Rest + (ta)

Note:

You can add Ta in your sentence final to give a strong or empathetic tone. It is like an emphasis to your whole question.

Examples:

a. Kowe apa ora wis amangan?

(You have eaten, haven't you / right?)

b. Kowe apa ora abubar saka pawiyatan?

(You have just been from the school, haven't you / right?)

c. Kowe apa ora ameh aturu?

(You are about to sleep, aren't you / right?)

4) Choice Question

This question sentence will let the other person to answer based on the options there.

General Formula:

Subject + Verb / The Rest + apa + Verb / The Rest.

Examples:

a. Kowe wis amangan apa angombe?

(Have you eaten or drunk?)

b. Kowe abubar saka pawiyatan apa pajêmbaran?

(Have you just been from the school or tue field?)

c. Kowe ameh aturu apa amaca?

(Are you about to sleep or to read?)

5) 7W+1H Question

This question sentence uses question words.

The Choices are:

a. Apa = What/which

b. Sapa = Who/whom 

c. Kapan = When

d. Ing êndi = Where

e. Kênangapa = Why

f. Duweking sapa = Whose

g. Kapriye = How, what do you do

h. Dening sapa = By whom

i. Dening apa = By which

j. Kanthi sapa = By (using) whom

k. Kanthi apa = By (using) which

l. Lumantar sapa = Through whom

m. Lumantar apa = Through which

n. Marang sapa = To whom

o. Marang apa = To which

q. Mênyang sapa To(wards) whom

r. Mênyang apa = To(wards) which

s. Pira = how much, how many

etc. (all prepositioned question words)

General Formula:

Question word + The Rest

Examples:

a. Apa iki?

(What is this?

b. Apa warnaning omah iku?

(What is the color of that house?)

c. Barang apa iki?

(What thing/kind of thing is this?)

d. Sapa iki?

(Who is this?)

e. Sapa wong iku?

(Who is that person?)

f. Sapa jênêngmu?

(What is your name?)

g. Kapan iki?

(When is it?)

h. Kapan omahe bakal arampung?

(When will the house be done?)

i. Ing êndi iki?

(Where is it?)

j. Ing êndi aku?

(Where am I?)

k. Ing êndi omahmu?

(Where is your house?)

l. Kênangapa kok kaya mangkene?

(Why is it like this?)

m. Kênangapa kok kudu ditulis?

(Why does it have to be written?)

n. Kênangapa kowe?

(What happens to you?)

o. Duweking sapa iki?

(Whose is this?)

p. Duweking sapa omah iki?

(Whose house is this?)

q. Kapriye anggone anulis?

(How do you/What do you do to write?)

r. Kapriye?

(How is it?)

s. Kapriye kahananing omahmu?

(How is the condition of your house?)

t. Pira omahmu?

(How many are your houses?)

u. Pira rêganing omahmu?

(How much is your house / does your house cost?)

v. Dening sapa pralayang iki?

(By whom is this book written?)

End note:

1) Sometimes, word orders can be changed in casual or daily settings. It depends on what you want to emphasize.

2) People may find themselves use casual construction that chops some grammatical words around. In this case, the Standard construction vs the Casual construction may differ in components.

3) Every question sentence can be added with Ta at the final to put emphasis or empathetic tone toward your whole question. But, Ta has to be located right after the question word in a 7W+1H question.

Tembung Panggathuk Conjunction Konjungsi

💖 Tembung Panggathuk  adalah  kata hubung (konjungsi)  dengan fungsi  menghubungkan dua kalimat , dua frasa , ataupun kalimat-frasa.  

💖 Tembung Panggathuk dapat dibagi menjadi 3 kelas  yaitu:

Padhajêjêr = Coordinating = koordinasi (sejajar)

Asorjêjêr = Subordinating = subordinasi (tidak sejajar)

Gathukjêjêr = Correlative = korelatif (berhubungan)

💖 Berikut ini adalah beberapa daftar Tembung Panggathuk (tidak lengkap, non exhaustive list) :

1) Amarga = because = karena

2) Saemper = as = sebagai 

(Minangka)

3) Apadene = as well as = dan juga

4) Nalika = at, on, when (time) = saat, ketika

5) Amrih = For, to (goals) = untuk, agar (tujuan)

(Supaya )

6) Tinimbang = than, rather than = daripada (perbandingan)

7) Aluwung = better, better to = lebih baik

8) Dening = by (person) = oleh

9) Kanthi = by (manner) = dengan (cara)

10) Anganggo = by (tools) = dengan (alat)

11) Lan = and = dan

12) Utawa = or  = atau

13) Antaraning A utawa B = either A or B = antara A atau B

14) Saka = from = dari

15) Anganti = to (range) = hingga, sampai (rentang)

16) Tekan = untill = hingga, sampai (titik selesai)

17) Bab = about = mengenai

18) Miturut = according to = menurut

19) Sambi = while (progressive) = saat, sambil 

20) Dene = while = sedangkan

21) Lumantar = through = melalui 

(Liwat)

22) Banjur = and then = lalu

23) Malah = instead, = malah

24) Apamaneh = moreover = terlebih lagi 

25) Akibate = consequently = akibatnya 

26) Dudu A utawa B = neither A nor B = bukan A atau B (tidak A atau B)

(Ora A utawa B)

27) Anggere = as long as = asalkan

28) Yen = if = jika

29) Namung yen = only if = hanya jika 

30) Sandayan = even though = walaupun

31) Arepa = even if = walapun (pengandaian)

32) Tembene = in the end = pada akhirnya

33) Wiwitane = in the beginning = pada mulanya 

34) Ewa mangkono = even so = walaupun begitu

(Ewa samana)

35) Upama = let's say = seumpama

36) Kareben = so that = agar

37) Sawise = after that = setelah itu 

38) Sadurunge = before that = sebelum itu

39) Dhek mau = before = tadi

40) Bareng = now that = (karena) sekarang

42) Kajaba = except = kecuali

43) Kalebu = including = termasuk 

44) Namung = only = hanya 

45) Bok manawa = just maybe = mungkin, semisal (menerka, memberi pilihan)

46) Manawa = just if = kalau semisal (memberi pilihan)

47) Bilih = that = bahwa 

48) Yaiku = is (definition) = yaitu

49) Kayata = such as = seperti 

50) Ananging = but = namun, tetapi

51) Ora namung A ananging uga B = not only A but also B = tidak hanya A tetapi juga B 

(Dudu namung A ananging uga B)                                       (bukan hanya A melainkan juga)

52) Apa = or (question word) = atau, apa (pilihan)

🌟GLADHI🌟  (Latihan, Exercise)

*Fill the blanks  with appropriate answers

*Isilah titik-titik yang ada dengan jawaban yang sesuai.

1) Aku ... adhiku arep alunga menyang pasar.

EN: I (and) my younger sibling are going to go to the market.

ID: Saya (dan) adik saya hendak pergi ke pasar.

2) Kowe bisa umulih saiki ... telepunen wong tuwamu dhisik yen ameh anginep.

EN: You can go home now (or) call your parents first if you are about to sleep over.

ID:  Kamu dapat  pulang sekarang (atau) menelepon orang tuamu  terlebih dahulu jika kamu hendak menginap.

3) Kowe bisa lumebu ... kowe aduwe undhangan.

EN: You can enter (only if) you have an invitation.

ID: Kamu dapat masuk (hanya jika) kamu memiliki undhangan.

4) Ketoke dheweke aseneng amangan ... jeruk ... apel.

EN: It looks like he/she likes eating (either) orange (or) apple.

ID: Kelihatannya, dia suka memakan  (antara) jeruk (atau) apel.

5) ... kowe ora aduwe panganan, kowe bakal angapa?

EN: (Let's say), you don't have any food, what will you do?

ID:  Katakanlah,  kamu tidak memiliki makanan, apa yang akan kamu lakukan?

6) Dheweke asinau ... angrungokake radhiyo.

EN: He/she is studying (while) listening to radio.

ID: Dia belajar (sambil) mendengarkan radio.

7) ... buku iki, tanduran kudu disiram saben esuk lan sore.

EN: (According to) this book, this plant needs to be watered every morning and late-afternoon.

ID: (Menurut) buku ini, tanaman harus disirami setiap pagi dan sore.

8) ... kucinge alunga umunggah menyang payon.

EN: (After that), the cat goes away going up to the roof.

ID:  (Setelah itu), kucing itu pergi naik ke  atas atap.

9) Ibu aseneng kembang (kayata) mlathi, mawar, lan kenanga.

EN: Mom likes flower (such as) jasmine, rose, and cananga.

ID: Ibu menyukai bunga (seperti) melati, mawar, dan kenanga.

10) ... wong telu iku, kabeh dijaluk tulung ... adus dhisik.

EN: (Excepting) those three, everyone is asked (to) take a bath first.

ID: (Selain) tiga orang itu, semuanya diminta (supaya) mandi terlebih dahulu.

Materi Grup 04

 🌟Materi Grup 04🌟

Imbuhan sangat berpengaruh dalam bahasa Jawa.  Penggunaan imbuhan akan merubah makna dari suatu tembung Lingga (kata dasar) menjadi tembung andhahan (kata turunan) dengan makna baru.

Asmara = romance, romansa

Asmarajati = romantic, romantis

Kasmarajaten = romanticity, keromantisan

Angasmarajatekake = romanticize, meromantisasi

Pingasmarajati = romanticization, romantisasi

Asmarajatitantra = romanticism, romantisme

Materi Grup 03

 🌟Materi Grup 3🌟

Jati (= sifat) adalah salah satu imbuhan bahasa Jawa yang merubah tembung aran (kata benda) menjadi tembung kahanan (kata sifat). Terutama digunakan untuk kosakata Jawa-Sansekerta.

Asmara = asmara, romansa

Asmarajati = romantis

Patistiti = alam

Paristitijati = alami

Untuk tembung aran citarupa (kata benda abstrak) maka ditambahkan imbuhan ka-an.

Asmarajati = romantis

Kasmarajaten = keromantisan

Paristitijati = alami

Kaparistitijaten = kealamian

Materi Grup 02

 🌟Materi Grup 02🌟

Secara umum Imbuhan Aran ialah:

1. -an

2. pa- (pi-, pra-, pri-)

3. pang-

4. ping-

5. pini-

6. pa-an

7. pra-an

8. ka-an

Penggunaannya sebagai Imbuhan  Aran bergantung pada kelas tembung Lingga asalnya.

Misal:

ka-an hanya bisa berfungsi sebagai Imbuhan aran dengan Lingga aran dan Lingga kahanan.

Materi Grup 01

 Materi Grup NNBJ 01

🌟Tembung Lingga🌟

1. Untuk basa Jawa ada yang dinamakan tembung Lingga (kata dasar). 

2. Tembung Lingga tersebut dibagi menjadi 4 jenis yaitu Lingga Aran (benda), Lingga Kriya (kerja), Lingga Kahanan (sifat), Lingga Katrangan (keterangan).

3. Pembagian tembung Lingga di atas berdasarkan pada makna utama dari tembung Lingga tersebut ke dalam kelas tembung Lingga apa.

4. Penggunaan Afiks (imbuhan) dalam bahasa Jawa adalah suatu agen yang merubah makna suatu tembung Lingga ke dalam makna tembung Andhahan (turunan).

5. Tembung Andhahan ini dapat memiliki kelas tembung yang berbeda dari kelas tembung Lingga asalnya.

6. Contoh:

a. Tuku (Lingga Kriya) = beli

b. Atuku (Kriya tanggap dan tanduk) = membeli

c. Panuku (aran) = 1) pembeli 2) alat untuk membeli

d. Pinuku (aran abstrak) = pembelian

e. Patukon (aran panggon) = tempat untuk membeli

f. Tukon (aran objek) = barang belian

g. Atukon (kahanan) = belian

dst.

7. Pemahaman Tembung Lingga dan Afiks ini adalah tulang punggung sistem bahasa Jawa yang merupakan bahasa agglutinative (berimbuhan). Sehingga, hal ini adalah ilmu dasar dalam bahasa Jawa.